<p>The Octagon House, also known as the Colonel John Tayloe III House, is a house located at 1799 New York Avenue, Northwest in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It was built in 1799 for John Tayloe III, the wealthiest planter in the country, at the behest of his new family member, George Washington. In September 1814, after British forces burnt the White House during the War of 1812, Tayloe, for six months, lent the Octagon House to United States president James Madison and first lady Dolley Madison to serve as the Executive Mansion. It is one of only five houses to serve as the presidential residence in the history of the United States of America, and one of only three, along with the White House and Blair House, that still stand.</p><br>
<p>John Tayloe III was born at Mount Airy, which he later inherited. The colonial estate was built by his father, John Tayloe II, on the north bank of the Rappahannock River across from Tappahannock, Virginia. By this time, it was the centerpiece of a roughly 60,000 acre department of interdependent plantation farms known as the Mount Airy department, located approximately one hundred miles south of Washington, D.C., in Richmond County, Virginia. He was educated at Eton College and Cambridge University in England, served in the Virginia state legislature, and ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1800.</p><br>
<p>John Tayloe III married Ann Ogle, daughter of Benjamin Ogle and granddaughter to Samuel Ogle of Ogle Hall in Annapolis, Maryland, in 1792 at her family&#39;s country home Belair Mansion. Ann was only a year younger than her husband. Tayloe was reputed to be the richest Virginian planter of his time, and built the house in Washington at the suggestion of George Washington on land purchased from Gustavus W. Scott or Benjamin Stoddert, first Secretary of the Navy. The Octagon was originally constructed to be a winter residence for the Tayloe family, but they lived in the house year-round from 1818 to 1855. The Octagon property originally included a number of outbuildings, including a smokehouse, laundry, stables, carriage house, slave quarters, and an ice house (the only surviving outbuilding). The Tayloes were involved in shipbuilding, horse breeding and racing, and owned several iron foundries—they were fairly diversified for a plantation family. The Tayloes enslaved hundreds of people, and had between 12 and 18 who worked at the Octagon.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>John Tayloe III</h3><br>
<p>John and Anne (Ogle) Tayloe were considering Philadelphia as a place to build a town house, since Baltimore and Philadelphia were the nearest metropolitan centers to Mount Airy. George Washington, whose half-brother Augustine Washington Jr.s son, Capt William Augustine Washington married Tayloes sister, Sarah Sally Tayloe, on May 11, 1799, found out and persuaded the Tayloes to build their house in the new capital city in an outlying section. The plan was to establish a node of development to stimulate fill-in growth. Col. Tayloe had been considering building his new home in Philadelphia under the expert hands of architect Benjamin Latrobe. Instead, he chose the primitive wilds of the new federal city and the architect William Thornton, the man who designed the new United States Capitol with the help of James Hoban, who was awarded the job of designing the White House. Tayloe went with the wishes of George Washington.</p><br>
<p>On April 19, 1797, Tayloe paid $1,000 (~$ in ) to Gustavus W. Scott for lot 8 in Square 170, at the corner of New York Avenue and 18th Street NW, as laid out in a plan of the city by Pierre Charles LEnfant and surveyed by Andrew Ellicott. Scott was one of the first purchasers of lots in the newly platted capital. The lot was in open country west of the partly built Presidents House, about 1 mi. from Georgetown, and about.5 mi. northeast of Hamburgh, which was absorbed into the new city plan. During this time he established the Washington Jockey Club&#39;s on a mile track which extended from the rear of what is now the site of Decatur House at H Street and Jackson Place, crossing 17th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue to 20th Street with Charles Carnan Ridgely, at the present site of the Eisenhower Executive Office Building.</p><br>
<p>On April 19, 1799, Dr. William Thornton wrote to George Washington, "Mr. J. Tayloe, of Virginia, has contracted to build a house in the City near the President&#39;s Square of $13,000 value." Thoronton was a self-trained architect who had won the United States Capitol competition. His first problem was to plan a house that would fit the lot, the south side of which was cut away on the bias by the diagonal of New York Avenue. If the house were built to face either of the bordering streets, it would be at an ungainly angle in relation to the other street, and outbuildings and wells had to be fitted in also. He dealt with the problem by relating the house equally to both streets, which put the two walls at a 70 degree angle from each other. The house actually has six sides, but was called "The Octagon" by the Tayloes. It had closets on every floor, an innovative feature for its time.</p><br>
<p>The Tayloes had 15 children, 13 of whom survived to adulthood (2 died in infancy: Anne, born and died in 1800, and Lloyd, born 1815, died 1816). The children were all born between 1793 and 1815. The oldest son, John Tayloe IV, served in the US Navy during the War of 1812 aboard the. His early death in 1824 was possibly connected to wounds received during the war. His parents provided for his wife and child after his death. Edward Thornton Tayloe, George Plater Tayloe and Henry Augustine Tayloe were all born at the Octagon.</p><br>
<h3>The War of 1812 and temporary presidential residence</h3><br>
<p>John Tayloe III was a Federalist, and not terribly supportive of President James Madison and the war with England that began in 1812, but he was active in the Virginia militia and commanded a regiment of DC cavalry. When British forces marched into Washington in August 1814, there was a French Flag flying outside the Octagon. Ann Ogle Tayloe had offered the house to the French consul, in the hopes of sparing the house from being burnt, who was occupying the house when the British arrived in the city. The house probably would have been spared even if it hadn&#39;t been effectively a "diplomatic residence", since the British were under strict orders not to damage private property. When First Lady Dolley Madison fled the city as the British approached, she sent her pet parrot to the French consulate at the Octagon for safekeeping.</p><br>
<p>President James Madison and his wife, Dolley moved into the Octagon on September 8, 1814, after the burning of the White House by British forces. President Madison ratified the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, in the upstairs study at the Octagon on February 17, 1815. Dolley was also known to throw parties on Wednesday nights known as squeezes while in the Octagon. The Tayloes received $500 in rent for the Madisons&#39; 6-month residency at the Octagon.</p><br>
<h3>1815–1960s</h3><br>
<p>While a resident of Washington, Tayloe helped found and organize St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square in 1814, served as a trustee in 1816 during its construction and upon completion served on the vestry and donated to the parish a communion service of silver, which Bishop William Meade, in his work on the old Churches of Virginia, says had been purchased by Col. Tayloe at a sale of the effects of the Lunenburg Parish Church in Richmond County, VA., to prevent its desecration for secular use.</p><br>
<p>Killian K. Van Rensselaer, American lawyer and Federalist politician who served in the United States Congress as a Representative from the state of New York dined at The Octagon House. "Another invitation recalls one of General Washingtons closest friends, whom he persuaded to become a resident of Washington in its infancy, and who built the spacious mansion on the corner of New York Ave and Eighteenth Street, which is one of the surviving relics of the primitive city, not having been destroyed by the British in 1814 - Col. Tayloe: "Mr. Tayloe requests the favor of Mr. Van Rensselaer to dine with him on Sat next at 4 oclock. The favour of an answer is requested. Wed 9th feb.""</p><br>
<p>John Tayloe III died in 1828 while staying at the Octagon. Ann Ogle Tayloe lived in the Octagon until her death in 1855. Both John and Ann were buried at Mount Airy. After Anns death, the Tayloe children began renting out the house. It was rented to a girls school in the 1860s, and the Federal government in the 1870s, when it served as office space for the Hydrographic Office of the USA Navy. By the 1880s, the house was occupied by 10 families, probably one living in each room, tenement-apartment-style. The residents were probably mostly workers in the factories that populated Foggy Bottom. In 1898, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) selected the Octagon to be their new national headquarters. They rented the building for 4 years, and then purchased it outright in 1902. The Octagon would continue to serve as AIA&#39;s headquarters until the construction of the current headquarters building in the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Octagon opened as a museum in 1970. The museum was restored to its 1817–18 era appearance in the early 1990s. The wall colors and room configurations seen today are representative of that time period. The museum was administered by the American Architectural Foundation from 1970 to 2012, though the museum was closed from 2007 through 2013. The museum is administered by the American Institute of Architects Foundation, and offers self-guided tours, permanent and changing exhibitions, public programming, and guided tours by appointment.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The museum is currently owned and operated by the Architects Foundation and is open to the public Friday and Saturday 11am-4pm. The space hosts various public programs, educational tours, rotating exhibits, and special events.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural details</h2><br>
<p>The three-story brick house, adapted to an irregular-shaped lot, displays a dramatic break with the traditional, late Georgian and early Federal house planning that preceded it. The Octagon achieves a zenith in Federal architecture in the United States, through a plan which combines a circle, two rectangles, and a triangle, and through the elegance and restraint of the interior and exterior decoration. The Coade stone, stoves, other decorative elements, and furniture were imported from England. The construction materials, such as bricks, timber, iron, and Aquia Creek sandstone were all manufactured locally.</p><br>
<p>The reason behind the naming of the six-sided building as the Octagon is unknown. Though the main room is a circle, one possibility is that it resembled octagonal rooms common in England, which were also circles but called octagon salons because they were constructed of eight walls and then plastered heavily in the corners to make a circle. Another explanation is that the eight angles formed by the odd shape of the six walls are an old definition of an octagon.</p><br>
<h2>Alleged haunting</h2><br>
<p>The Octagon House is purported to be one of the most haunted homes in Washington, D.C. Apparitions and the presence of otherworldly forces have reportedly been seen and felt in many places at The Octagon, including on the spiral staircase, the second floor landing, the third floor landing, the third floor bedroom, and the garden area in the rear.</p><br>
<p>There are many variations of ghost stories that feature the Octagon House in Washington, D.C. As one of the oldest buildings in the city, it lends itself nicely as a setting for historical, spooky, and macabre tales. The stories recorded here are merely a presentation of a few of the reported experiences and legends that have evolved over the past 200 years, and should not be taken as historical fact.</p><br>
<h3>Bells</h3><br>
<p>The oldest of the Octagons ghost legends is that of the mysterious ringing of the servants call bells, just one of the legends linked to the African American slaves who once lived there. When the house held bells to summon servants, the spirits of the dead slaves would announce their presence by ringing these bells loudly. The ghostly bell ringing is believed to have first occurred in the mid-1800s.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Tayloe Lewis, a granddaughter of John Tayloe III, grew up in the house and recorded this family memory in an unpublished manuscript: "The bells rang for a long time after my Grandfather Tayloe&#39;s death, and every one said that the house was haunted; the wires were cut and still they rang… Our dining room servant would come upstairs to ask if anyone rang the bell, and no one had."</p><br>
<p>An account by Marian Gouverneur, wife of Samuel Laurence Gouverneur Jr., the first American consul in Foo Chow in China, said that the General George D. Ramsay, Chief of Ordnance for the United States Army and commander of the Washington Arsenal in Washington, D.C., and his experience with the bells: "I have been told by the daughters of General George D. Ramsay that upon one occasion their father was requested by Colonel John Tayloe...to remain at the Octagon overnight, when we was obliged to be absent, as a protection to his daughters… While the members of the family were at the evening meal, the bells in the house began to ring violently. General Ramsay immediately arose from the table to investigate, but failed to unravel the mystery. The butler, in a state of great alarm, rushed into the dining-room and declared that it was the work of an unseen hand. As they continued to ring, General Ramsay held the rope which controlled the bells, but, it is said, they were not silenced."</p><br>
<p>By 1874 the bell legend was well established. Mary Clemmer Ames wrote about it: "It is an authenticated fact, that every night at the same hour, all the bells would ring at once. One gentleman, dining with Colonel Tayloe, when this mysterious ringing began, being an unbeliever in mysteries, and a very powerful man, jumped up and caught the bell wires in his hand, but only to be lifted bodily from the floor, while he was unsuccessful in stopping the ringing. Some declare that it was discovered, after a time, that rats were the ghosts who rung the bells; others, that the cause was never discovered, and that finally the family, to secure peace, were compelled to take the bells down and hang them in different fashion. Among other remedies, had been previously tried that of exorcism, but the prayers of the priest who had been summoned availed nought."</p><br>
<p>The servants&#39; bells are no longer in the house and there are no reports of their continuing to ring today.</p><br>
<h3>Dolley Madison</h3><br>
<p>There are a number of ghostly legends at the Octagon that deal with its early history as a gathering place for the elite of Washington, D.C. Dolley Madison is prominent in these legends because she was well known as a hostess during the first quarter of the 19th century. She is a very popular ghost in Washington, D.C., and is said to haunt several buildings around town. Dolley and James Madison resided in the Octagon House from September 1814 through March 1815, after the White House was burned by the British.</p><br>
<p>According to the legends, ghostly receptions are held by Dolley Madison, who is supposedly most often seen in the front hall and drawing room, and the smell of lilacs is noticeable whenever her ghost is present.</p><br>
<h3>Colonel Tayloe&#39;s daughters</h3><br>
<p>By far the most intricate and popular of the legends connected with the Octagon is that of the deaths of the Tayloes&#39; daughters. Variations of the legend are so well developed and circulated, that visitors to the house are often thoroughly convinced that they are based on fact. In reality, there is no documentation to support any of them.</p><br>
<p>The legend, which made its first appearance in a 1908 article run by the Minneapolis Tribune, has appeared on TV shows, and in numerous ghost books, and usually follows a story-line similar to this:</p><br>
<p>Two of Colonel Tayloes daughters are said to haunt The Octagon. The first allegedly died before the War of 1812. Colonel Tayloe and his daughter quarreled on the second floor landing over the girls relationship with a British officer stationed in the city. When the daughter turned in anger to go down the stairs, she fell down the stairs (or over the railing; stories differ) and died. Her specter is allegedly seen crumpled at the bottom of the steps or on the stairs near the second floor landing, and sometimes exhibits itself as the light of a candle moving up the staircase. The other death, stories claim, occurred in 1817 or shortly thereafter. Another of Colonel Tayloes daughters eloped with a young man, incurring her fathers wrath. When she returned home to reconcile with her father, they argued on the third-floor landing. This daughter, too, fell to her death down the stairs (or over the railing), and her shade is alleged to haunt the third floor landing and stairs between the second and third floors.</p><br>
<p>There is no historical evidence to support these stories. Nothing about the ghosts of the daughters appears before 1908, and none of the Tayloes daughters died in the Octagon. Of the Tayloes seven daughters, only three died before the age of 30. Of those, one died in 1800 at the age of one month (Ann Tayloe) and never lived in the Octagon. Rebecca Plater Tayloe died in 1815 at the age of 18, but at that time the Octagon was being rented by President Madison, and the Tayloe family was staying at their Mount Airy Plantation in Richmond County, VA. Sources state that the Tayloe family was "grief stricken by the loss through illness of their eighteen year old daughter Rebecca Plater while at Mount Airy". The next youngest of their surviving daughters to die was Elizabeth Mary Tayloe, who died in 1832 at the age of 26. She died in Washington, D.C., but not at the Octagon House. At the time of her death her father had been dead for four years and she had been married to her husband, Robert Wormeley Carter II, for some time. The four remaining daughters all died over the age of 38. For a complete list of the births and deaths of the Tayloe children, see the John Tayloe III page.</p><br>
<h3>Other reports of ghostly activity</h3><br>
<p>The Octagon was firmly established as a haunted house by 1888, when, it is reported, twelve men decided to spend a night in the house in order to expel the ghosts or prove the legends wrong. A first-hand account was printed in a local newspaper, and this was subsequently quoted or paraphrased in articles printed in 1892, 1934, 1941, 1950, and 1969.</p><br>
<p>"The hours wore quietly on. The party were dispersed from garret to cellar. At the hour of midnight, as I and two others were crossing the threshold of a room on the second floor, three feminine shrieks rose from the center of the room. Aghast we stood. From all quarters the party rushed… Too brave to desert, yet cowards at heart, we watched the gray light of morning dawn, and each man of us thanked God his night among ghosts was past. After those screams our band was closely knit together… collectively we listened through the waning hours of night to the clanking of sabers and tramping of footfalls."</p><br>
<p>Museum superintendent Alric H. Clay claimed that in the 1960s spirits would often turn on the lights and open The Octagon&#39;s doors late at night.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1940s, a doctor who had made a house call to the Octagon had a strange encounter on the stairway. Caretaker James Cyprus had summoned the physician for his ailing wife. The doctor was preparing to leave when he mustered up enough courage to ask Cyprus if there was a costume party going on that evening. When Cyprus told him that there wasn&#39;t, the doctor looked perplexed and told him of encountering a man on the stairs just a few moments before who had been dressed in a military uniform of the early 1800s.</p><br>
<p>A gambler shot to death in the home&#39;s third-floor bedroom in the late 19th century has been reportedly seen in the room in which he died. A 1912 newspaper article related the story of a man who had stayed for a month in a room in the Octagon which he claimed was visited nightly by the spirit of a man who was killed over a card game held in the room.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous reports of occurrences in the Octagon that were supposedly caused by the household ghosts. The sound of rustling silk is said to be heard on the main staircase, the hanging lamp in the main hallway allegedly swings by itself, there is a spot at the foot of the main staircase that some people feel they are forced to avoid, and one curator is reported to have found the "tiptoeing tracks of human feet in the undisturbed dust of the top floor landing".</p><br>
<p>South Camden is a neighborhood in Camden, New Jersey. Located in the southern part of the city, below Central Waterfront and east of the Port of Camden on the Delaware River. Interstate 676 runs through the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The South Camden Historic District, bounded by Jackson St, South Fourth St, Chelton Ave, and Railroad Avenue, comprises 686 acre and 608 buildings, including the headquarters of the defunct South Camden Trust Company.</p><br>
<p>New York Shipbuilding Corporation, in the Port of Camden, was located many years along the waterfront on the west side of the neighborhood and once was its largest employer. The Camden Shipyard & Maritime Museum record its history.</p><br>
<p>In July 2014, the New Jersey Economic Development Authority awarded the Holtec International a $260 million tax incentive to expand operations at the site in the Port of Camden.</p><br>
<p>The proposed Glassboro–Camden Line light rail system would stop in the neighbourhood at Ferry Avenue parallel and west of the North-South Freeway.</p><br>
<p>In September 2010 Waterfront South Theatre, home of the South Camden Theatre Company (SCTC), open as Camden&#39;s first live theatre space built in more than 100 years.</p><br>
<p>In August 2014, ground was broken on Phoenix Park, which will provide access to the waterfront on land previously used for industry.</p><br>
<p>The W.H. Bickel Estate is a -story stone mansion built between 1928 and 1930 on the outskirts of Parkersburg, West Virginia. The 1,800 ft&sup2; building has a rectangular main section and a wing to the East. The main house is rich with woodwork, including intricately inlaid walnut and maple floors with geometric patterns, wood mantels, partial wainscoting on all three floors, 15 light French doors on the first floor, solid maple arched doors on the second floor, built-in china cabinets, crown molding in all main rooms, and original finish wood casement windows with roll down screens and brass hardware. There are five gas fireplaces with marble or stone hearths in the main house and two staircases, including a circular walnut and maple main staircase. The ceilings are coved on the second and third floors, and the third floor contains a ballroom or “dance hall” stretching twenty eight feet.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is -inch stone veneer quarried in Philadelphia and applied with a special mortise technique. The circular drive arrives at a matching stone portico with a tongue and groove ceiling and Spanish tile porch. The roof is tile with a hip and valley on the wing side and a hip roof on the rectangular side. There are half-moon windows emerging from the tiled roof that provide side lighting to the upstairs rooms.</p><br>
<p>The grounds are equally impressive with a stone carriage house, stone entrance pillars, two stone fountains (one about thirty feet in diameter with a fountain head once capable of a 50-foot fountain spray, and the second fountain contains within it a hand-carved sandstone sculpture of a mill with a waterwheel), matching stone flower boxes, and a pair of fighting lions carved from sandstone. Behind the main house is a wooden barn that was sold from the main property and converted to four apartments, but which has been repurchased and rejoined with the main property.</p><br>
<p>In its prime, the Bickel Estate was a showplace, with the sweeping grounds rising to the knoll that hosts the house. At Christmas time, the entire property would be lighted with everything from the colored lights glowing through the 50-foot spray of the large fountain to the giant Christmas tree lighted by the main house. In the summertime, the fountains flowed among vast gardens of flowers lining the winding drive to the portico. “Gazing Balls” also adorned the front and side landscapes and the landscape was always immaculate and seasonal.</p><br>
<p>The property once was the center of a 400 acre property that contained unique features such as a ½ mile horse track with grandstands and a large zoo. Today, the property maintains a noble stature in what has developed as a residential and light commercial area.</p><br>
<p>Due to the work of one of the new owners, the Bickel Estate was added to the List of Registered Historic Places in West Virginia in 2001. The Bickel Mansion is located near the intersection of WV-95 and Marrtown Road in South Parkersburg.</p><br>
<p>The Harriet Beecher Stowe House is a historic home in Cincinnati, Ohio which was once the residence of influential antislavery author Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of the 1852 novel Uncle Tom&#39;s Cabin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rev. Lyman Beecher accepted a job at Lane Theological Seminary in the Walnut Hills area of Cincinnati, founded in 1830. Rev. Beecher was a Congregationalist minister. He had dreamed of moving west to promote his brand of Christianity as early as 1830, when he wrote to his daughter Catharine: "I have thought seriously of going over to Cincinnati, the London of the West, to spend the remnant of my days in that great conflict, and in consecrating all my children to God in that region who are willing to go. If we gain the West, all is safe; if we lose it, all is lost."</p><br>
<p>In September 1832, 21-year old Harriet Beecher (not yet Mrs. Stowe) moved with her family from Litchfield, Connecticut, to Ohio. The company included her father, her stepmother, her aunt Esther, her siblings Catharine and George, and half-siblings Isabella, Thomas, and James. The extended family previously had not been living together but the various parts of the family from Boston and Hartford met in New York to begin their trip together. Along the way, they traveled through other eastern cities to raise money for the seminary. The journey was long and difficult. Isabella later recalled, "After a week in Philadelphia, we chartered a big, old-fashioned stage, with four great horses, for Wheeling, Virginia, and spent a week or more on the way, crossing the Alleghenies, before ever a railroad was thought of, and enjoyed every minute of the way." They amused themselves by singing hymns while the journey that normally took 48 hours stretched to eight days.</p><br>
<p>Cincinnati was then an area active in the abolitionist movement. It was also one of the fastest-growing cities in the nation at the time, with its population leaping from 10,000 people in 1820 to 25,000 in 1830. By 1850, thanks to an influx of German and Irish immigrants, it became the sixth-largest city in the United States. Catharine, Harriet&#39;s older sister by eleven years, established the Western Female Institute in town.</p><br>
<p>It was in Cincinnati that Harriet Beecher began her writing career. She published her book The Mayflower: Sketches of Scenes and Character Among the Descendants of the Pilgrims in 1834. It was also while living in Cincinnati that Stowe traveled to Maysville, Kentucky, in 1833 and witnessed a slave auction. The distress she felt was one of several experiences that inspired her book Uncle Tom&#39;s Cabin years later.</p><br>
<p>Harriet lived here for various periods of time from 1833 until her marriage to professor Calvin Ellis Stowe in 1836. Her first two children, twins Eliza and Harriet, were born in the house in 1836. Harriets brother, Henry Ward Beecher, also resided in the Cincinnati Beecher House. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher was an early leader in the womens suffrage movement and a popular Protestant minister.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 5,000 square foot house was completed in 1833 and was constructed specifically to house the president of the Lane Seminary. The house was provided by the seminary to the Beechers. Harriet and most of her brothers and sisters (11 Beecher children lived to adulthood) lived with their father in this house.</p><br>
<h2>Museum today</h2><br>
<p>The Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Cincinnati is owned by the Ohio Historical Society. It is located in the Walnut Hills neighborhood (Martin Luther king exit from Interstate 71) at 2950 Gilbert Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45206 and is operated by volunteers with the Friends of the Harriet Beecher Stowe House, Inc.</p><br>
<p>It is open to the public, located in small park, and operated as an historical and cultural site, focusing on Stowe and her family, the Lane Seminary, abolitionists, and the Underground Railroad. The site also presents African-American history.</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls Chapel is a chapel building of Trinity Church, an episcopal parish, located at 209 Broadway, between Fulton Street and Vesey Street, in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Built in 1766, it is the oldest surviving church building in Manhattan and one of the nations most well renowned examples of Late Georgian church architecture.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the chapel was named a National Historic Landmark; it was also made a New York City Landmark and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. When St. Paul&#39;s Chapel remained standing after the September 11, 2001, attacks and the collapse of the World Trade Center behind it, the chapel was subsequently nicknamed "The Little Chapel That Stood".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>A chapel of the Parish of Trinity Church, St. Pauls was built on land granted by Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Construction on the buildings main body began in 1764 and was completed in 1766. The church&#39;s spire was added between 1794 and 1796.</p><br>
<p>Built of Manhattan mica-schist with brownstone quoins, St. Pauls has the classical portico, boxy proportions and domestic details that are characteristic of Georgian churches including James Gibbs St Martin-in-the-Fields in London. The churchs octagonal spire rises from a square base and is topped by a replica of the Athenian Choragic Monument of Lysicrates (c. 335 BC). Inside, the chapels hall has pale colors, flat ceiling and cut glass chandeliers reminiscent of contemporary domestic interiors.</p><br>
<p>The church has historically been attributed to Thomas McBean, a Scottish architect and student of James Gibbs. Recent documentation published by historian John Fitzhugh Millar suggests architect Peter Harrison may have instead been responsible for the structures design. Master craftsman and furniture maker Andrew Gautier produced the churchs interior fixtures.</p><br>
<p>Upon completion in 1766, the church was the tallest building in New York City. It stood in a field some distance from the growing port city to the south and was built as a "chapel-of-ease" for parishioners who found the mother church inconvenient to access.</p><br>
<p>On the Broadway side of the chapels exterior was an tulip poplar wood statue of the churchs patron saint, Saint Paul, carved by an unknown sculptor and installed in 1790. The statue was brought inside the chapel in 2016 to protect it from further weathering; a resin replica stands in its original location. Below the east window is the monument to Brigadier General Richard Montgomery, who died at the Battle of Quebec (1775) during the American Revolutionary War. In the spire, the first bell is inscribed "Mears London, Fecit 1797." The second bell, made in 1866, was added in celebration of the chapel&#39;s 100th anniversary.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The Hearts of Oak, a militia unit organized early in the American Revolutionary War, and composed in part of Kings College (later, Columbia University) students, would drill in the chapels yard before classes nearby. Alexander Hamilton was an officer of this unit. The chapel survived the Great New York City Fire of 1776 when a quarter of New York City (then confined to the lower tip of Manhattan), including Trinity Church, burned following the British capture of the city after the Battle of Long Island during the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>George Washington, along with members of the United States Congress, worshipped at St. Pauls Chapel on his Inauguration Day, April 30, 1789. Washington also attended services at St. Pauls during the two years New York City was the countrys capital. Above the former location of Washingtons box pew (which was removed during renovations in the 2010s) is an 18th-century oil painting of the Great Seal of the United States, adopted in 1782.</p><br>
<p>The chapel contains several monuments and memorials that attest to its elevated status in early New York: a monument to Richard Montgomery (hero of the battle of Quebec) sculpted by Jean-Jacques Caffieri (1777), and a Neo-Baroque sculpture called "Glory" designed by Pierre L&#39;Enfant, the designer of Washington, D.C. The pulpit is surmounted by a coronet and six feathers, and fourteen original cut glass chandeliers hang in the nave and the galleries.</p><br>
<h3>September 11, 2001 attacks</h3><br>
<p>The rear of St. Pauls Chapel faces Church Street, opposite the east side of the World Trade Center site. After the attacks on September 11, 2001, which led to the collapse of the twin towers of the World Trade Center, St. Pauls Chapel served as a place of rest and refuge for recovery workers at the WTC site.</p><br>
<p>For nine months, hundreds of volunteers worked 12-hour shifts around the clock, serving meals, making beds, counseling and praying with fire fighters, construction workers, police and others. Massage therapists, chiropractors, podiatrists and musicians also tended to their needs.</p><br>
<p>The chapel survived without even a broken window. The building was largely protected by a sycamore tree on the northwest corner of the property that was hit by falling debris and took the brunt of the damage. The trees root has been preserved in a bronze memorial by sculptor Steve Tobin. While the churchs organ was badly damaged by smoke and dirt, the organ has been refurbished and is in use again.</p><br>
<p>The fence around the chapel grounds became the main spot for visitors to place impromptu memorials to the event. After it became filled with flowers, photos, teddy bears, and other paraphernalia, Trinity officials decided to erect a number of panels on which visitors could add to the memorial. Estimating that only 15 would be needed in total, they eventually required 400.</p><br>
<p>Rudy Giuliani gave his mayoral farewell speech at the chapel on December 27, 2001.</p><br>
<p>The chapel still keeps many of the memorial banners around the sanctuary and has an extensive audio-video history of the event. There are a number of exhibits in the chapel. The first one when entering is "Healing Hearts and Minds", which consists of a policeman&#39;s uniform covered with police and firefighter patches sent from all over the USA, including Iowa, West Virginia, and California. The most visible is the "Thread Project", which consists of several banners, each of a different color, and woven from different locations from around the globe, hung from the upper level over the pews.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>A comprehensive restoration of the building&#39;s exterior was begun in 2013. At the façade, rusticated blocks of Manhattan schist and smooth sandstone accents were restored, repaired, or patched. The steeple clock was fitted with a new digital system, its bells maintained, and the clock faces refurbished. Some of the original clockwork elements were set aside for preservation as artifacts. Cornices were treated with a sand-infused paint, in the tradition of the original coatings, and broken panes in the wood windows were replaced with crafted glass that displays the imperfections found in antique glass.</p><br>
<p>Concurrently, the parish undertook a restoration of its churchyard. The churchyard has long been a pastoral oasis in busy lower Manhattan, but decades of damage and the sharp rise in tourism necessitated a revitalization. Conditions such as soil erosion and compaction, poor irrigation, and overgrown trees were addressed. The sensitive site, which includes human remains, fragile stone grave markers, and mature tree roots, was treated at the surface level, with all work done by hand.</p><br>
<p>Interior renovations during the project included removal of the box pews to allow more flexible use of the space, installation of a heating and air conditioning system, repainting of the interior with a more authentic off-white color scheme, and replacement of the organ with a 1989 Noack instrument retrofitted into the historic organ case.</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Chapel is an active part of the Parish of Trinity Church, holding services, weekday concerts, and occasional lectures.</p><br>
<p>On the evening of September 10, 2006, St. Paul&#39;s Chapel hosted a memorial service that was attended by President George W. Bush, Senator Hillary Clinton, Governor George Pataki, and mayors Michael Bloomberg and Rudy Giuliani, with the chapel holding additional services on the fifth anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks.</p><br>
<p>The chapel has hosted many famous worshipers. George Washington worshiped here on his Inauguration Day, April 30, 1789. During the two years New York City was the countrys capital, Washington attended services at St. Pauls while Trinity Church was being rebuilt. Hanging above the spot where Washington&#39;s pew once stood is a painting of the Great Seal of the United States (adopted in 1782), which was commissioned by the vestry in 1785. The artist of the painting is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Directly across the chapel from the presidential pew was the governors pew, which George Clinton, the first governor of the State of New York, used when he visited St. Pauls. Its former location is marked by the arms of the State of New York to commemorate his service. Other historical worshipers have included Prince William, later William IV of the United Kingdom; Lord Cornwallis; Sir William Howe, Commander-in-Chief of British forces in America; and several USA presidents: Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, and George H. W. Bush.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>Richard Montgomery and his wife Janet Livingston Montgomery</p><br>
<p>Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont</p><br>
<p>William Denning</p><br>
<p>John Holt, publisher</p><br>
<p>William Houstoun, lawyer</p><br>
<p>Campbell P. White and wife Harriet Banyer Le Roy White</p><br>
<p>Stephen Rochefontaine</p><br>
<h2>Landmark designations</h2><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960, in part because it is the oldest public building in continuous use in New York City. It was made a New York City designated landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 the New York Landmarks Conservancy recognized both the chapel and churchyard restoration projects with its Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award.</p><br>
<p>The Dwight–Derby House is at 7 Frairy Street in Medfield, Massachusetts. The Oxford Dendrochronology Laboratory took samples of the house frame in 2007 and determined that the earliest, southwest portion of the house was built in 1697, and an addition was built to the east in 1713. The town bought the house in 1996, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Dwight, son of Timothy and Mary Dwight, married in 1696 and built the earliest section of the house in 1697. The second family who owned and occupied the house, for another four generations, was the Derby family, starting with John Derby, grandson of Elias Hasket Derby, of Salem, Massachusetts, America&#39;s first millionaire.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Dwight–Derby House sits on a half acre lot in its original location overlooking Meeting House Pond.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the Dwight–Derby House was bought by the town of Medfield in 1996, the Friends of the Dwight–Derby House, Inc. was formed to restore, manage and share its historical significance with the community. Thanks to generous donations, grants from the Massachusetts Historical Commission and the National Trust, the house has been able to endure structural and exterior repairs.</p><br>
<p>The Sullivan Center, formerly known as the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building or Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Store, is a commercial building at 1 South State Street at the corner of East Madison Street in Chicago, Illinois. Louis Sullivan designed it for the retail firm Schlesinger & Mayer in 1899 and later expanded it before H.G. Selfridge & Co. purchased the structure in 1904. That firm occupied the structure for only a matter of weeks before it sold the building  to Otto Young, who then leased it to Carson Pirie Scott for $7,000 per month, which occupied the building for more than a century until 2006. Subsequent additions were completed by Daniel Burnham in 1906 and Holabird & Root in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The building has been used for retail purposes since 1899, and has been a Chicago Landmark since 1975. It is part of the Loop Retail Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Sullivan Center was initially developed because of the Chicago Great Fire of 1871. In 1872, Leopold Schlesinger and David Mayer decided to open a dry good store. They had met while working together prior to the Chicago Fire. Leopold Schlesinger had immigrated to Chicago in 1862 from Germany, and David Mayer was brought to the United States of America as an infant in 1852, also from Germany. In 1881 Schlesinger and Mayer had moved their dry-goods store into the Bowen Building that was on the corner of State and Madison. In 1890, Schlesinger and Mayer hired Adler and Sullivan to prepare plans for the removal of the Bowen Building&#39;s attic story and the addition of two stories across the Bowen Building and the adjacent four-story structure to the south. The facades were added to match the bottom stories of the building and the building was painted white.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, Schlesinger and Mayer hired Adler and Sullivan to do further remodeling and add a new entrance to the corner of State and Madison. In 1896, Sullivan, no longer working with Adler, was asked back by Schlesinger and Mayer to redesign the façade and add two stories to the newly leased four-story building on Wabash avenue, as well as connecting it to the State Street store. That never happened because Schlesinger and Mayer changed their minds to make it a ten-story building, which also never happened. It eventually got painted white and then a bridge was added that connected the second story of the building to the elevated railroad. In 1898, Schlesinger and Mayer decided to remove the original building located on State and Madison replace it with a new building designed by Sullivan. Sullivan had both a nine and twelve-story proposal made up for this new building. They eventually started with a nine-story portion of the building that was made on the Madison Street side next to the original portion of the Adler and Sullivan renovations.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, Schlesinger and Mayer came back to Sullivan wanting a twenty-story building on State and Madison, eventually settling for the final twelve stories. The Madison Street portion that was added earlier could not structurally support twelve stories so was left as is. Sullivan came up with a three-stage plan to finish the new building and allow Schlesinger and Mayer to keep their business running during the Christmas season.</p><br>
<p>The building is remarkable for its steel-framed structure, which allowed a dramatic increase in window area created by bay-wide windows, which in turn allowed for the greatest amount of daylight into the building interiors. This steel framed structure uses the post-and-lintel technique to provide a strong, light, and fireproof steel skeleton. The exterior of the building consists of a grid of piers and spandrels that reveals the post-and-lintel technique that supports the building. The design was the first use of what became known as the Chicago window. At street level, the broad expanses of glass allowed for larger displays of merchandise to outside pedestrian traffic creating the idea of the sidewalk showcase. In between the windows were bands of terra cotta, replacing an earlier plan for white Georgia marble, to save cost and weight and to avoid delays arising from a stonecutter&#39;s strike. The design featured bronze-plated cast-iron ornamental work above the rounded tower. The project also included a fire suppression sprinkler system, supplied from a 40 ft water tower on the roof.</p><br>
<p>Sullivan designed the corner entry to be seen from both State and Madison. The attractive ornamentation above the entrance would give the store an elegant and unique persona important to the building&#39;s competition with neighboring stores. The building is one of the classic structures of the Chicago school. The way this technique was used on the lower floors of the building was so elaborate that it used the natural lighting and shadows to seem almost as if it were magically floating above the ground. The top floor of the 1899 and 1904 sections of the building were recessed to create a narrow loggia topped by an intricately detailed cornice that projected beyond the facade of the building. This was removed around 1948 and the 12th floor redesigned to replicate the lower floors.</p><br>
<p>In November 1897, of Schlesinger & Mayer opened a pedestrian bridge connecting its second floor to the Madison/Wabash elevated (train) station behind it amid much controversy. The city had ordered work on the bridge to stop on Saturday, November 20, but overnight 200 workmen completed the bridge in secret, and it opened the next day, as a fait accompli. It would prove to make the store identifiable from far away. This bridge too was covered in elaborate metalwork and provided a sense of special entry to those who used it.</p><br>
<p>In May 1904 Harry Selfridge, the founder of London&#39;s Selfridges, bought the building, and operated his store H. G. Selfridge & Co. there briefly with a grand opening in mid-June, but only two months later, in mid-August 1904, sold it to Carson Pirie Scott.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, Carson, Pirie, Scott constructed an annex south of the building adding of sales area.</p><br>
<p>In February 2006, the first phase of a multi-year restoration of the building&#39;s upper facade was completed. In addition to cleaning, the cornice and supporting columns were recreated on the 12th floor. A 2001 report put the budget at $68.9 million for this renovation.</p><br>
<p>In August 2006, Bon-Ton Stores Inc., parent company of Carson, Pirie, Scott, announced that after the 2006 Christmas season, the department store in the building would close. There were no immediate announcements as to what would occupy the building after the stores closure. After holding clearance sales, Carsons closed in February 2007.</p><br>
<p>The 943,944 ft&sup2; three-building complex, now renamed the Sullivan Center, is currently owned by Madison Capital, a private real estate company based in New York City.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, a second renovation project of the decorative iron work on the lower three floors began. This included the State Street facade as well as rear portions of the building which face Wabash Avenue. Part of the funding for this renovation was provided by the City of Chicago. The Wabash facade was completed in August 2009 and the work on State Street in late 2010.</p><br>
<p>Tenants of the Sullivan Center include The Chicago Community Trust, the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and Gensler. In December 2010, Freed and Associates announced it was in talks with retailer Target, who expressed an interest in occupying part of the structure. On February 15, 2011, the retailer announced it would lease 125,000 ft&sup2; spread over two floors of the building. The new store opened July 26, 2012, and was met with favorable reviews for its clean design while being sensitive to the historic character of the structure. In October 2021, the Target entrance&#39;s dark facade went viral on TikTok, affectionately nicknamed as the "Goth Target".</p><br>
<p>The Metamora Courthouse State Historic Site is a historic American courthouse located in Metamora, Illinois, the former county seat of Woodford County. The courthouse was built in 1845 as the governmental center for Woodford County and as a circuit court for the former Illinois Eighth Circuit. The courthouse is best known for being one of only two surviving Illinois circuit courthouses where future USA President Abraham Lincoln practiced law.</p><br>
<h2>Abraham Lincoln</h2><br>
<p>Surviving records from Eighth Circuit courthouses such as Metamora show that Lincoln and his colleagues practiced general, unspecialized law. They served as criminal defense counsel, handled divorce and family-law cases, oversaw the passage of estates through probate, and were available to handle a wide variety of civil suits and disputes. Lincoln handled more than 70 cases here, including two murders and two cases of fugitives from slavery.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln&#39;s law firm, Lincoln & Herndon, in which he practiced with his partner William Herndon, consisted of only two lawyers. It was based in Springfield, Illinois, and Lincoln was the circuit partner, traveling from county seat to county seat throughout the Eighth Circuit when the circuit court was in session. Researchers have found more than 70 Woodfood County circuit court cases handled by Mr. Lincoln from 1845 through 1858.</p><br>
<p>In these travels, Lincoln made friends all over central Illinois. These ties served him well in 1858 when he ran for the USA Senate against incumbent Stephen A. Douglas. Although Lincoln lost this race, his oratory led to his gaining national attention and the nomination in 1860 as the candidate for president of the USA Republican Party.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln&#39;s speechmaking skills served him well as candidate and as president. These skills were honed as a trial lawyer in circuit courtrooms like this one.</p><br>
<h2>After Lincoln</h2><br>
<p>After Lincoln&#39;s election to the presidency in 1860, the Metamora courthouse continued its service until Woodford County voters moved the county seat from Metamora to Eureka, Illinois in 1896. The historic former courthouse served as a community center from 1896 until 1921; plays and movies were shown here, and community organizations used the hall as a meeting place. Starting in 1921, the former courthouse was restored as a local museum and memorial to the profession of law in early Illinois. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency.</p><br>
<p>The Metamora Courthouse has two floors, with the first floor serving as a museum of local history and Illinois frontier law, and the second floor restored to its 1850s appearance as the county courtroom and adjacent judicial chambers.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse is one of only two Illinois circuit courthouses in which Lincoln practiced law that are standing on their original foundations. The other is the Mount Pulaski Courthouse State Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The Brush Park Historic District is a neighborhood located in Detroit, Michigan. It is bounded by Mack Avenue on the north, Woodward Avenue on the west, Beaubien Street on the east, and the Fisher Freeway on the south. The Woodward East Historic District, a smaller historic district completely encompassed by the larger Brush Park neighborhood, is located on Alfred, Edmund, and Watson Streets, from Brush Street to John R. Street, and is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Originally part of a French ribbon farm, Brush Park was developed beginning in the 1850s as an upscale residential neighborhood for Detroits elite citizens by entrepreneur Edmund Askin Brush. Dozens of Victorian mansions were built there during the final decades of the nineteenth century, and Brush Park was nicknamed "Little Paris" due to its elegant architecture. The neighborhoods heyday didnt last long, however: by the early twentieth century most of is affluent residents started moving to more modern, quieter districts, and Brush Park was quickly populated by members of Detroits fast-growing working class. Severely affected by depopulation, blight and crime during the 1970s and 1980s, the neighborhood is currently experiencing restorations of its historic buildings and luring new residents.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1850s, entrepreneur Edmund Askin Brush, son of Elijah, began developing his familys property, located conveniently close to downtown, into a neighborhood for Detroits elite citizens.</p><br>
<p>Architects who designed these mansions included Julius Hess, Henry T. Brush, George D. Mason, Gordon W Lloyd, Elijah E Myers, Martin A Edwards George W. Nettleton, and Albert Kahn. Homes were built in Brush Park beginning in the 1860s and peaking in the 1870s and 1880s; one of the last homes built was constructed in 1906 by Albert Kahn for his personal use. Other early residents of Brush Park included lumber baron David Whitney Jr. and his daughter, Grace Whitney Evans; businessman Dexter M. Ferry; Joseph L. Hudson, founder of the eponymous department store; Fulton Iron Works founder Delos Rice; lumber baron Lucien S. Moore; banker Frederick Butler; merchant John P. Fiske; Dime Savings Bank president William Livingstone Jr. and dry goods manufacturer Ransom Gillis.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s the character of the subdivision began to change, as many prominent members of the local German Jewish community moved to Brush Park. This period of the neighborhoods history is recorded by the neoclassical Temple Beth-El, designed by Albert Kahn for the Reform Congregation and constructed in 1902. Around the same time, Brush Park saw the construction of its first apartment buildings. Some of the neighborhoods earliest examples of this type of structure were the Luben Apartments, built in 1901 by architect Edwin W. Gregory and demolished in 2010, and the Alfred Apartments, built in 1903 by architect Alamon C. Varney and demolished in 1930s. These apartments featured large and sumptuous units, and their design blended with those of the surrounding mansions; however, the construction of apartment buildings undoubtedly represented a decrease in the quality of Brush Park&#39;s building stock.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>The neighborhood began to decline at the turn of the 20th century, when the advent of streetcars and then automobiles allowed prosperous citizens to live farther from downtown: early residents moved out, notably to up-and-coming districts such as Indian Village and Boston–Edison, and Brush Park became less fashionable. The Woodward Avenue frontage rapidly lost its residential character, as the lavish mansions were demolished to make way for commercial buildings; those that survived were demolished in the 1935 Woodward widening. Throughout the subdivision, homes were converted to apartments or rooming houses – often with the construction of two- and three-story rear additions – to accommodate workers of the booming automobile industry,</p><br>
<p>By the 1930s many African Americans had moved into the area; and the Mercy General Hospital and Clinic. Mercy Hospital was the first black-owned hospital in Detroit; founded by Dr. David Northcross in 1917, it was originally located at 248 Winder Street, and later relocated to 668 Winder.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression and the racial tensions of the 1940s (part of the 1943 race riot took place in the streets of Brush Park) led to a rapid deterioration of the neighborhood. Longtime resident Russell McLauchlin described Brush Park&#39;s decline in the preface to his book Alfred Street (1946):</p><br>
<p>is now in what city-planners call a blighted area. The elms were long ago cut down. No representative of the old neighbor families remains. The houses, mostly standing as they stood a half-century ago, are dismal structures. Some have night-blooming grocery stores in their front yards. Some have boarded windows. All stand in bitter need of paint and repair. It is a desolate street; a scene of poverty and chop-fallen gloom; possibly of worse things.</p><br>
<p>Starting in the 1960s, many of the buildings became unoccupied and fell into disrepair; however, the neighborhood maintained much of its historical integrity, and some attempts were made to preserve it. The first serious redevelopment plan in Brush Parks history was the Woodward East Renaissance project, planned to be completed in 1976, Americas bicentennial year. The ambitious plan included restoring the surviving historic mansions and erecting modern residential buildings on the empty lots, but it was left unrealized due to disorganization. The area bounded by Alfred, Brush, Watson, and John R. Streets, named Woodward East Historic District, was designated a Michigan State Historic Site on September 17, 1974, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 21, 1975; the larger Brush Park Historic District, bounded by Woodward, Mack, Beaubien, and the Fisher Freeway, was established by the City of Detroit on January 23, 1980. Despite these attempts to save what was left of the neighborhoods historic character, by the 1980s Brush Park had gradually fallen into a state of "nearly total abandonment and disintegration," gaining a poor reputation as one of Detroits most derelict areas. Abandoned buildings became targets for vandals and arsonists: as a result, dozens of structures were demolished by the city for security reasons. During the 19th century, around 300 homes were built in Brush Park, including 70 Victorian mansions; at present, about 80 original structures remain in the area. Notable buildings that were demolished include the Woodward Avenue Baptist Church (1887), destroyed by fire in 1986, and St. Patrick Catholic Church (1862), destroyed by fire in 1993.</p><br>
<h3>Revival</h3><br>
<p>Brush Park&#39;s revival began in the 1990s and has since accelerated. Several historic houses were stabilized and "mothballed" by the City of Detroit between 2005 and 2006, on the occasion of the Super Bowl XL played at the nearby Ford Field. New condominiums have been built in the southern part of the district, near the Fisher Freeway, and a number of the older mansions have been restored. A handful of buildings still remain in a state of complete neglect, and are threatened with demolition.</p><br>
<p>The French Renaissance style William Livingstone House (1894)</p><br>
<p>On May 10, 2014, the historic First Unitarian Church caught fire under suspicious circumstances and was consequently demolished. The building, which was designed by Donaldson and Meier and dated back to 1890, represents one of the greatest losses in Brush Park&#39;s recent history, since it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Ransom Gillis house appeared in the intro of the movie Beverly Hills Cop (1984), Four Brothers (2005) and Batman vs Superman (2016).</p><br>
<p>The J.P Donaldson house was featured in Only Lovers Left Alive (2014)</p><br>
<p>The Frederick Butler house largely inspired Count Olafs house in Netflixs Series of Unfortunate Events (2017)</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Brush Park is within the Detroit Public Schools district. Residents are zoned to Spain Elementary School for K-8, while they are zoned to Martin Luther King High School (9-12) for high school.</p><br>
<p>The Irwin Consolidated School in Irwin, Iowa was opened for classes in the fall of 1918. The cornerstone dates the building as being built in 1917 by William F. Gernandt, Architect of Omaha, Nebraska.</p><br>
<p>It was built to replace a wooden structure and a number of country schools and to be able to add courses to the curriculum. The building has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as are a number of buildings by William F. Gernandt. The building is of brick construction with many sandstone and art deco features. It is quite ornate in comparison to other school buildings built in the area and of that time period. The school to this date still has much of the original oak woodwork, doors and cabinetry.</p><br>
<p>The school&#39;s first years staff was: Supt. S. A. Guiles, Miss Keller, Miss Kimberly, Mary Steenhusen Welsch, Mary Farrington Torpy, Myrtle Peterson Miller, Miss Wyatt, Mrs. S. A. Guiles, Alice Fogarty, Miss Brockman and Miss Zella Cozad. The Irwin High School was renowned academically and also excelled in sports winning many state championships. In the late 1920s the school was one of the stops for the Harlem Globe Trotters and on that night the home team won. In 1939 the city of Irwin was one of six communities for a special government study of the effects of the depression and of the New Deal Program. In 1942 a photo essay followed up this study with many photos of the school being preserved in the National Archives.</p><br>
<p>The last classes were held in 2002. In 2005, the building was sold and converted to the C. G. Brisee Genealogy Library.</p><br>
<p>East Row Historic District is the second largest Historic District in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. It is located in Newport, Kentucky. The East Row was created by joining two of Newport&#39;s Historic Neighborhoods; Mansion Hill and Gateway.</p><br>
<p>General James Taylor Jr. pioneered Newport in the 1790s on 1,500 acre inherited from his father. His father, James Taylor Sr., bought 2,700 acre of land in Northern Kentucky from his friend George Muse, which was part of the land Muse had been awarded for his military service in the French and Indian War.</p><br>
<p>James Taylor Jr. brought to Newport his wealthy new wife Keturah Moss Leitch.</p><br>
<p>Well-connected with Washington politics, The Taylor family had two cousins, James Madison and Zachary Taylor, who later become presidents of the United States. The Taylors brought colonial culture to Northern Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Taylor choose a high hill overlooking the Ohio River to build his large home (Bellevue, still standing today) in the Greek Revival style. At his death in 1848, James Taylor Jr. was said to be one of the wealthiest men in the state of Kentucky, with an estate valued at more than $4 million.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-19th century, Newport became a hub for trade, industry and culture. The Victorian era was Newports most affluent period, as is evident by the East Rows elegant houses, which look much as they did more than 100 years ago. The establishment of the East Row was made possible when, motivated by Newports rapid growth, the grandson of Gen. James Taylor decided to subdivide the familys estate as Taylor&#39;s Row Addition. The area became a favorite of wealthy business owners and merchants in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>East Row Historic District is home to 1,070 homes and is Kentucky&#39;s second largest historic district. All buildings in East Row have the distinction of being listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Early houses, near the western edge of the district, were built in the Italianate style, later homes were built in Queen Anne, the Colonial Revival and American Foursquare style.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1970s the Neighborhood had fallen on hard times, Many of the large homes were cut into many small apartments. Property prices were low and the neighborhood became attractive to urban pioneers. The Mansion Hill Neighborhood Association was founded in 1979. Owners started to restore the many beautiful homes and expose the former beauty. The Mansion Hill Tour was begun in 1979, attracting more resident to the Neighborhood. In the early 1980s, many of the most active Historic Preservationists lived in the Gateway neighborhood, the two neighborhoods combined forces in the mid-1980s.</p><br>
<p>Just blocks away from East Row, the city&#39;s riverfront and northern business district are undergoing dramatic redevelopment, with Riverboat Row and Newport on the Levee already a thriving riverfront district of restaurants and clubs. With the World Peace Bell and the Newport Aquarium just steps away from the Historic District.</p><br>
<p>In mid-2006 the Newport City Commission expanded the Historic District, including the north side of Second Street, The west side of Washington Avenue and the 200 block of East Fourth Street. East Fourth Street has several American Civil War era homes, including some in the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The Old Schwamb Mill is an historic 19th-century mill at 17 Mill Lane in Arlington, Massachusetts. It claims to be located on the oldest continuously-used mill site in the United States, with a documented history of operation dating back to about 1684. The current mill building, erected in 1861, is now a living history museum. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Schwamb Mill is set on the south side of Mill Brook, a body of water flowing roughly east–west and bisecting the western half of the town of Arlington. The main mill building is a roughly U-shaped structure, which rises to a height of three stories at the south-facing front, but is sited on land that drops steeply to the stream below. It is finished in clapboard siding, and most of its roofs are flat, with the transverse portion of the U gabled. Across Mill Lane to the north stand a pair of connected buildings, which were historically used as a wood drying house and storage barn.</p><br>
<p>The Massachusetts Bay Colony was first settled by Europeans in large numbers beginning in 1630, and the area that is now Arlington (then part of Cambridge was recognized as a potential site for grist and lumber mills at an early date. The colony&#39;s first mill was established on Mill Brook in 1637, near the site of the Arlington Public Safety Building. It was abandoned in 1645. The present mill site was developed in 1681, beginning with the construction of a dam, and then the erection of a grist mill, which was followed in 1704 by a sawmill. This complex was acquired by Henry Woodbridge in 1860, and adapted for the purpose of grinding spices. After it was severely damaged by fire, it was rebuilt the following year.</p><br>
<p>The mill was purchased by brothers Charles and Frederick Schwamb in 1864 for the manufacture of circular and elliptical picture frames. It remained within the family&#39;s ownership and continued to operate, more or less unchanged in both equipment and processes, until 1969. Two wings were added during this time: one by 1881, and the other between that date and 1898. In 1969 the property was acquired by a non-profit organization formed to preserve the property.</p><br>
<p>The mill still contains operational equipment and four preserved power systems.</p><br>
<p>The Heaviest Corner on Earth is a promotional name given to the corner of 20th Street and 1st Avenue North in Birmingham, Alabama, United States, in the early 20th century. The name reflected the nearly simultaneous appearance of four of the tallest buildings in the South, the 10-story Woodward Building , 16-story Brown Marx Building , 16-story Empire Building , and the 21-story American Trust and Savings Bank Building .</p><br>
<p>The announcement of the last building was made in the Jemison Magazine in a January 1911 article titled "Birmingham to Have the Heaviest Corner in the South". Over the years, that claim was inflated to the improbable "Heaviest Corner on Earth", which remains a popular name for the grouping.</p><br>
<p>A marker, erected on May 23, 1985 by the Birmingham Historical Society, with cooperation from Operation New Birmingham, stands on the sidewalk outside the Empire Building describing the group. The buildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places: three were listed individually in 1982 and 1983, and the group of four was listed as a historic district on July 11, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Woodward Building</h2><br>
<p>The Woodward Building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built in 1902, the Woodward Building was designed by Stone Brothers Ltd., architects of New Orleans, and William C. Weston.</p><br>
<p>The Emily Dickinson Museum is a historic house museum consisting of two houses: the Dickinson Homestead  and the Evergreens. The Dickinson Homestead was the birthplace and home from 1855 to 1886 of 19th-century American poet Emily Dickinson , whose poems were discovered in her bedroom there after her death. The house next door, called the Evergreens, was built by the poet&#39;s father, Edward Dickinson, in 1856 as a wedding present for her brother Austin. Located in Amherst, Massachusetts, the houses are preserved as a single museum and are open to the public on guided tours.</p><br>
<p>The Emily Dickinson Home is a US National Historic Landmark, and properties contribute to the Dickinson Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Dickinson family had a long record of residency in the Connecticut River valley, dating back to the early days of English colonial settlement of the area. Emily Dickinsons great grandfather Nathaniel Dickinson was one of the founders of Hadley, Massachusetts and surveyed the lands around the area including todays Amherst, Massachusetts. Nathan Dickinson moved to the relatively new town of Amherst, Massachusetts in 1742. By the early 19th century, the Dickinson family had accumulated some 14 acre of land on the east side of town. In 1813, Samuel Fowler Dickinson (1775–1838) built the Dickinson Homestead on Main Street, its grandeur reflecting his prominence as a lawyer. His financial affairs, however, were less secure, and by 1817 he had mortgaged the house for $2,500. In 1825, he mortgaged the Homestead again, along with other properties, to Oliver Smith for $6,000. In 1828, when Samuel Fowler Dickinson went bankrupt, Smith sold the mortgaged properties to John Leland and Nathan Dickinson, Samuel&#39;s nephew.</p><br>
<h3>Edward Dickinson&#39;s residency</h3><br>
<p>In March 1830, Samuel Fowler Dickinson&#39;s eldest son Edward purchased the western half of the Homestead for $1,500, and moved in with his wife and young son Austin. Nine months later, on December 10, their second child, Emily Dickinson, was born there. Lavinia was born there three years later.</p><br>
<p>In 1833, persistent money troubles forced Edward to sell the Homestead back to Leland and Nathan, who in turn gave the entire property to General David Mack, Jr. Macks family occupied the western half of the Homestead, while Edward and his family moved into the eastern half. They remained there until 1840, when they moved to a nearby house on West Street (now North Pleasant), overlooking Amhersts West Cemetery. By 1855, fifteen years later, Edward had risen to prominence and wealth, and was able to purchase the entire Homestead and surrounding land for $6,000 after Mack&#39;s death. The family moved back to the Homestead in 1856. That same year, Edward began construction of The Evergreens just west of the Homestead, presenting it as a wedding gift to his son Austin and new wife Susan.</p><br>
<p>The property included a 1.5 acre garden, which was tended by Emily, Lavinia, and their mother, and Emily often sent flowers along with notes to her acquaintances. A large barn stood directly behind the house to shelter the family&#39;s horses, cow, and chickens and provide rooms for the groundskeeper. Linking the two Dickinson houses was a path described by Emily Dickinson as "just wide enough for two who love," crossing the lawn from the back door of the Homestead to the east piazza of The Evergreens.</p><br>
<p>In the 1860s, Edward and Austin Dickinson planted a low hemlock hedge that spanned the street frontage of both houses. Edward Dickinson died in 1874; his funeral service was held in the Homestead. His wife died, after years of chronic illness and a stroke, in 1882.</p><br>
<h3>Emily Dickinson&#39;s residency</h3><br>
<p>Emily Dickinson occupied the Homestead for much of her life. The longest absence was between 1840 and 1855, when the familys finances necessitated a move. Beginning in the 1850s she became increasingly secluded from outside contact, although the reasons for this are not entirely clear. She took to interacting with visitors through closed doors, and did not travel unless necessary. In 1868 she wrote to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a regular correspondent, that "I do not cross my Fathers ground to any House or town" in response to his suggestion that she come to Boston so they might meet. She did, however, tend the flower garden, which was locally appreciated, and visited her brothers family next door. She died in 1886, and her funeral service was held in the Homesteads library.</p><br>
<p>Pursuant to Emilys wishes, her sister Lavinia destroyed her correspondence. She found the bulk of Emilys poetry in a locked chest in Emilys room, and immediately recognized the collections significance. The complete works were first published in 1955.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>The longest-lived member of the family was Lavinia, who occupied the Homestead until her death in 1899. At that time, the Homestead was inherited by Austins daughter, Martha Dickinson Bianchi. She leased the house to tenants until 1916, when she sold it to the Parke family. In 1963 the house was designated a National Historic Landmark. In 1965, the Parke family sold the house to the Trustees of Amherst College. The college used the house for faculty housing, but opened portions of the house, including Emilys room, for public tours.</p><br>
<p>Next door, Austin and Susan Dickinson lived at The Evergreens until their respective deaths in 1895 and 1913. Martha Dickinson Bianchi, their only surviving child, continued to live in the house, and preserved it, without change, until her own death in 1943. Her heirs – co-editor Alfred Leete Hampson, and later his widow, Mary Landis Hampson – continued to preserve the house as a "time capsule" of a prosperous nineteenth-century household in a New England town, recognizing the tremendous historical and literary significance of a site left completely intact. In 1991, The Evergreens passed to a private testamentary trust, the Martha Dickinson Bianchi Trust, which began developing the house as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The trust&#39;s work led to discussions with the college over collaboration between the two on administration of their respective properties. These culminated in the merger of the two efforts in 2003, when the trust transferred ownership of The Evergreens to Amherst College, and the Emily Dickinson Museum was formally established to manage the recombined properties.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and landscaping</h2><br>
<p>The houses today are located at 280 Main Street, across the street from the First Congregational Church (constructed in 1739). The property is one block east of the center of town and two blocks north of Amherst College. It is bounded on the south by Main Street, on the east by Triangle Street, on the north by Lessey Street, and on the west by a public park. The grounds include a wide lawn east of the buildings, which was originally the site of the Dickinson family gardens.</p><br>
<h3>The Homestead</h3><br>
<p>The Homestead began as a fashionable Federal style house, and was probably the first brick house in Amherst. It was originally painted red to mask the color and texture variations of bricks and mortar. Subsequent changes to the house in the 1830s and 1840s introduced Greek revival architectural features as well as stylish white paint on the facades exposed to more public scrutiny. During his ownership, General Mack "enlarged the attic space by replacing the hip roof with gables, raised the roof line on the north and south sides, and added a second story to the wooden office on the west".</p><br>
<p>Edward Dickinson made extensive interior and exterior alterations to the Homestead in 1855. He built a brick addition for the kitchen and laundry on the back of the house, erected a veranda on the western side, embellished the roof with an Italianate cupola, and built a conservatory for Emily&#39;s exotic plants. He finished the house in an ochre and off-white paint scheme, one that it wore until 1916, when new owners removed all layers of paint through a sandblasting process and painted the woodwork white in accord with early twentieth-century colonial revival tastes.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 the Homestead was repainted in its late-nineteenth-century colors to show it as Emily Dickinson knew it. The restoration also removed aging storm windows, repointed areas of failing masonry, and restored nearly 100 shutters and other architectural elements.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the plaster ceiling in the front parlor of the Homestead collapsed into the room. The building was open for tours at the time of the collapse but no injuries were sustained by visitors or staff.</p><br>
<h3>The Evergreens</h3><br>
<p>Designed by well-known Northampton architect William Fenno Pratt, the house is one of the earliest and best-preserved examples of Italianate domestic architecture in Amherst. The house is still completely furnished with Dickinson family furniture, household accoutrements, and decor selected and displayed by the family during the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Situated on two high terraces, The Evergreens was surrounded by cultivated planting beds and looked out to the west over a neighbors orchard. Austin Dickinson applied the design principles of Andrew Jackson Downing and Frederick Law Olmsted to The Evergreens landscape. His wife, Susan, tended flower gardens that were held in high regard by townspeople. The lawn between the Homestead and The Evergreens was carefully arranged with an informal distribution of trees and shrubs meant to suggest natural growth, a mix of local and exotic specimens, and open areas where family members played lawn tennis and badminton.</p><br>
<p>As Treasurer of Amherst College (1873–1895), Austin Dickinson was also deeply involved in landscaping of the college grounds, cultivating at the same time a close relationship with prominent landscape architects Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. He later led the effort to drain and beautify the town common, and spearheaded the drive to form a new style of park-like cemetery in Amherst after the fashion of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Guided tours of the Emily Dickinson Museum are offered from March through December. The grounds and gardens are open to the public, but the interiors of both houses are only accessible by guided tour. Specially themed tours change periodically. The museum also hosts literary events that vary from year to year, including contemporary poetry readings and an annual poetry festival. The museum is a member of Museums10, an association of ten museums in the Amherst area. The museum is owned by Amherst College.</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederick Heritage Preserve is a 3 acre property located in Port Royal, South Carolina. Situated along the Beaufort River, the preserve contains the remains of Fort Frederick. Also known as Fort Prince Frederick, the tabby fort was built by the British between 1730 and 1734 to defend against a possible attack from the Spanish at St. Augustine, Florida. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The fort, also known as Fort Prince Frederick, is believed to be the oldest tabby structure in the state. Provincial scout boats were stationed here periodically. A relatively small fort, it measures 125 feet by 75 feet with an obvious bastion on the southwest side. The eastern wall was lined with a battery and cannon. The interior of the fort held a barracks and a magazine and was garrisoned by an independent company of British regulars until their transfer to Georgia in 1736.</p><br>
<p>The preserve is located adjacent to the grounds of the Beaufort Naval Hospital. The preserve is open to the public daily via a passive park established in 2021.</p><br>
<p>The Museum of Early Trades & Crafts is a non-profit educational institution in Madison, Morris County, New Jersey, United States. The museum&#39;s mission is:</p><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s historic structure, the Madison Public Library and the James Building, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (as Reference #: 80002512).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The museum was founded in 1969 in the former site of the Madison Public Library to house a collection of over 8,000 tools and artifacts used in New Jersey before 1860 that had been collected by Agnes and Edgar Land. The couple started their collection on Long Island in the 1940s, purchasing 18th and 19th century craft items that had been used on area farms that had started to become mechanized or converted to residential developments. The couple continued their collecting after moving to New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>The museums building, designed by Boston architect Charles Brigham and his associate, Willard P. Adden, is a prime example of Romanesque Revival; the building, a gift to the town of D. Willis James, was completed in 1900, and was used as the towns library until the late 1960s when it was leased by the Lands as a site for the museum.</p><br>
<p>The museum underwent an extensive renovation project in the 1990s, funded by a million-dollar fundraising effort, to bring the facility up to date in its century-old structure. As part of the renovation project, the museum received a $240,000 grant from the New Jersey Historic Trust towards interior restoration that would allow the public to appreciate the building&#39;s "most dramatic architectural features--groined vaulting, decorative stained glass and stenciling, fireplaces, handsome light fixtures and intricate woodwork" which had been hidden by architectural changes made over the intervening years since its construction a century earlier.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits and programs</h2><br>
<p>Artifacts on exhibit at the museum include such items as buckets, powder horns, hayforks, cradle scythes, and the ice saws used to cut and collect ice from the surface ponds in the pre-refrigeration era of iceboxes.</p><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s most popular programs involve craftspeople — such as carpenters, coopers and blacksmiths — demonstrating the use of these tools in the performance of their professions.</p><br>
<p>The Academia Pomeroy Covered Bridge at 278 ft  is the longest remaining covered bridge in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1902, this single-lane, double-span wooden covered bridge crosses Tuscarora Creek between Spruce Hill and Beale Townships, in Juniata County. Its design is based on the Burr truss developed by Theodore Burr, who was the preeminent bridge designer and builder of his time. The bridge has been owned by the Juniata County Historical Society, located in Mifflintown, since 1962.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The bridge is located about a mile east of the Tuscarora Academy, which is also listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The William Ross Rust House is a house in Tacoma, Washington, United States, built in 1905 for William Ross Rust, then President of the Tacoma Smelter and Refining Company. That same year the Tacoma Smelter was acquired by ASARCO, which was controlled by the Guggenheim family. The house was designed by Ambrose J. Russell, who worked for Russell & Babcock with Everett Phipps Babcock, and was built by Charles Miller. Russell & Babcock also designed the Washington Governor&#39;s Mansion.</p><br>
<p>It was built of sandstone from the Wilkeson sandstone quarry in Wilkeson, Washington. The building has a green, glazed terra cotta tile roof, 18 rooms, 4 baths, and 8 fireplaces. It was modeled after the John A. McCall Mansion in Monmouth County, New Jersey (built in 1903, destroyed by fire in 1927). It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 23, 1985.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood Cemetery is the oldest active cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee. It was established in 1852 as one of the first rural cemeteries in the South.</p><br>
<p>A funeral scene in Paramount&#39;s 1993 legal thriller The Firm was filmed here.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>Elmwood Cemetery was established as part of the Rural Cemetery Movement of the early-to-mid-19th century. A classic example of a garden cemetery, it is notable for its park-like setting, sweeping vistas, shady knolls, large stands of ancient trees, and magnificent monuments.</p><br>
<p>On 28 August 1852, fifty prominent Memphis citizens each contributed $500 for stock certificates in order to purchase 40 acre of land for the cemetery; they envisioned that this land would be a park for the living as well as the dead, where family outings, picnics, and social gatherings could occur. It was meant to be a place where beautiful gardens were tended and individual monuments celebrated both life and death. The name for the place was chosen in a drawing: several proposed names were put into a hat and Elmwood was drawn, with the stockholders stating they were "well pleased" with the selection. Ironically, they had to hurriedly order some elms trees from New York to place among the native oaks of Memphis, since there were no elms in the area. After the American Civil War, the property was expanded to 80 acre for another $40,000. In the 1870s, the original corporation controlling the cemetery was dissolved and it became one of the oldest nonprofits in Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The first burial occurred on 15 July 1853, when Mrs. R.B. Berry was laid to rest. Since then, more than 75,000 people have been buried at Elmwood Cemetery, with space still remaining for about 15,000 more. The cemeterys gardens include the Carlisle S. Page Arboretum. Beneath the cemeterys ancient elms, oaks, and magnolias lie some of the city&#39;s most honored and revered dead; flowering dogwoods and crepe myrtles are interspersed with Memphis history, those famous and infamous, loved and feared. There are veterans of every American war, from the American Revolution up to the Vietnam War, and there are people from every walk of life and culture, including Mayors of Memphis, Governors of Tennessee, USA Senators, madams, blues singers, suffragists, martyrs, generals, civil rights leaders, holy men and women, outlaws and millionaires and ordinary citizens.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War burials</h2><br>
<p>About 1,000 Confederate soldiers and veterans are buried in Confederate Soldiers Rest, located in the cemeterys Fowler Section. Many other Confederates are buried elsewhere in the cemetery. The first burial in Confederate Soldiers Rest was William (Thomas) Gallagher on June 17, 1861, and the last interment was John Frank Gunter on April 1, 1940. Among the Confederate generals buried there are James Patton Anderson, a former USA Congressman who commanded the Army of Tennessee in 1862, Colton Greene, Preston Smith and William Henry Carroll. Other burials include Isham G. Harris, Tennessees Confederate-era governor, Thomas Battle Turley, CSA private and USA Senator from Tennessee, and William Graham Swan, a Confederate congressman and mayor of Knoxville.</p><br>
<p>Union soldiers also were buried at Elmwood in the 1860s, but almost all were removed in 1868 and reinterred in Memphis National Cemetery. Two Union generals, William Jay Smith and Milton T. Williamson, remain at Elmwood.</p><br>
<p>Also interred at Elmwood is renowned Civil War author Shelby Foote, famous for his comprehensive three volume, 3000-page history of the war The Civil War: A Narrative. He is buried beside the family plot of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest. Forrest himself was also originally buried at Elmwood, but in 1904 the remains of Forrest and his wife Mary were disinterred and moved to a Memphis city park originally named Forrest Park in his honor, that has since been renamed Health Sciences Park.</p><br>
<h2>Yellow Fever burials</h2><br>
<p>There were several outbreaks of yellow fever in Memphis during the 1870s, the worst outbreak occurring in 1878, with over 5,000 fatalities in the city itself and 20,000 along the whole of the Mississippi River Valley. Some 2,500 of the Memphis victims are buried in four public lots at Elmwood; among them are doctors, ministers, nuns, travelers, and even sex workers who died while tending to the sick.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people buried at Elmwood</h2><br>
<p>Finis L. Bates, Author</p><br>
<p>Thea Bowman, Roman Catholic religious leader</p><br>
<p>Robert Reed Church, businessman</p><br>
<p>E. H. Crump, politician</p><br>
<p>Shelby Foote, novelist, historian</p><br>
<p>George Gordon, Confederate Army General</p><br>
<p>Napoleon Hill, businessman</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Hooks, American civil rights leader</p><br>
<p>Wayne Jackson, musician</p><br>
<p>James C. Jones, 10th TN Governor & TN Senator</p><br>
<p>Estes W. Mann, prominent Memphis architect</p><br>
<p>Maxine Smith, civil rights leader and academic</p><br>
<p>William Jay Smith, Union General, Tennessee politician</p><br>
<p>Thomas B. Turley, US Senator</p><br>
<p>Alfred Jefferson Vaughan, Jr., Confederate army general</p><br>
<p>Gideon Pillow, Confederate General</p><br>
<h2>Visiting Elmwood</h2><br>
<p>Elmwood Cemetery is located at 824 South Dudley Street, 0.4 mi south of Crump Boulevard. The cemetery grounds are open from 8:00 am to 4:30 pm CST, seven days a week, including holidays. The cemetery office is open Monday through Friday from 8:00 am to 4:30 pm CST, Saturday from 8:00 am to 12:00 pm CST, and is closed on Sundays and holidays.</p><br>
<p>Linda Vista Community Hospital is a former hospital located at 610-30 South St. Louis Street in Los Angeles, California, United States, in the Boyle Heights neighborhood. The hospital was originally constructed for employees of the Santa Fe Railroad and called the Santa Fe Coast Lines Hospital. It was one of four employee hospitals run by the railroad Santa Fe Employees Hospital Association.</p><br>
<p>The hospital closed in 1991. After its closure, the hospital became a popular filming location for productions, including films, TV shows, and music videos. It has also become the subject of several paranormal investigations. The hospital was sold in 2011 and converted into a low income senior living facility called Hollenbeck Terrace in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original building that housed the hospital opened in the fall of 1905 to serve employees of the Santa Fe Railroad. It had its own Jersey cows, chickens, and a garden to provide patients with the freshest milk, butter, eggs, poultry and vegetables. This original Moorish-style hospital building was designed by Charles Whittlesey and known as the Santa Fe Coast Lines Hospital. The hospital was so successful that it began expanding and the location, overlooking Hollenbeck Park was transformed into a campus.</p><br>
<p>The original 1905 building was replaced in 1938 with the current Mission Revival Style structure, designed by architect H.L. Gilman. In 1985 it became the Linda Vista Community Hospital.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and closure</h3><br>
<p>By the late 1970s, the railroad hospital association facilities were experiencing declining use, as more railroad workers began to use conventional medical-insurance policies. The area surrounding the hospital also became a less-affluent area, severely affecting the hospital financially. The Santa Fe Railroad sold the 150-bed hospital to American Healthcare Management in 1980. According to a California Health Law News report, Linda Vista was forced to reduce operational expenses in the form of limiting whole services and as a result saw much blame for mistreatment of patients and a noticeable decline in quality. As the hospital cut operational costs, more hospital staff and patients began transferring out to more affluent hospitals in the area as a result. During the 1970s and 1980s, the hospital spent most of the time treating victims of gang-related violence in the nearby area as crime had risen dramatically around Boyle Heights. Making matters worse for the hospital, a majority of the victims were either underinsured or uninsured, contributing to financial difficulties. Following public criticism noted in an LA times article in 1988, system mismanagement eventually forced the hospital to close its emergency services department in 1989. The quality of care at Linda Vista Community Hospital continued to decline as doctors and nurses moved to other hospitals. In 1991, the hospital ceased operations.</p><br>
<h3>Post-closure</h3><br>
<p>In the decades following its closure, it was used primarily as a filming location. In January 2006, the hospital was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the 4.2-acre Linda Vista Hospital complex was purchased by AMCAL Multi-Housing Inc. The building remains on the historic registry, the main hospital and former nurses dormitory, were renovated into Hollenbeck Terrace in 2015; and now the complex provides a total of 97 apartments for fixed-income seniors plus a medical facility.</p><br>
<h2>As a filming location</h2><br>
<p>Notable works shot at Linda Vista include the following:</p><br>
<p>Born in East LA (1987)</p><br>
<p>Addams Family Values (1993)</p><br>
<p>Tammy and the T-Rex (1994)</p><br>
<p>L.A. Confidential (1997)</p><br>
<p>Conspiracy Theory (1997)</p><br>
<p>The Longest Yard (2005)</p><br>
<p>Deadgirl (2008)</p><br>
<p>Zombie Strippers (2008)</p><br>
<p>The Lords of Salem (2012)</p><br>
<p>Insidious: Chapter 2 (2013)</p><br>
<p>Insidious: Chapter 3 (2015)</p><br>
<p>Buffy the Vampire Slayer</p><br>
<p>Charmed (Season 1, Episode 5: "Dream Sorcerer")</p><br>
<p>True Blood (Season 5) in the episode "Let&#39;s Boot and Rally"</p><br>
<p>Criminal Minds (Season 7) in the episode "Heathridge Manor"</p><br>
<p>ER (Season 1).</p><br>
<p>Ghost Adventures (Season 2, Episode 7 "Linda Vista Hospital" and Season 6, Episode 5 "Return to Linda Vista Hospital")</p><br>
<p>Rob Dyrdek’s Fantasy Factory (Season 5, Episode 10 “Dyrdek Day”)</p><br>
<p>Dexter (Season 1, Episode 4: "Let&#39;s Give the Boy a Hand")</p><br>
<p>The Duran Duran song "Falling Down"</p><br>
<p>The Nine Inch Nails song "Closer"</p><br>
<p>The Avenged Sevenfold song "Nightmare"</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood Undead song "We Are"</p><br>
<p>The Paramore song "Monster"</p><br>
<p>The Fall Out Boy songs "Just One Yesterday” and “Where Did The Party Go” for “The Young Blood Chronicles”</p><br>
<p>The Brokencyde song "Still the King"</p><br>
<p>The Girlicious song “Maniac”</p><br>
<p>Pemberton Hall is a womens residence hall at Eastern Illinois University, in Charleston, Illinois. Located at the north end of the university campus, at the corner of 4th street and Lincoln Avenue, Pemberton Hall is registered as a historic landmark, due to its status as the oldest womens college residence hall in the state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of Pemberton Hall was completed in 1909, when Eastern Illinois University (EIU) was still Eastern Illinois State Normal School. The building was named for Illinois state senator Stanton C. Pemberton, who was instrumental in getting funding for the building approved. The four-story building was designed for residency by approximately 100 female students, and included parlors, fireplaces, fourth floor maids quarters, a matrons apartment, and a dining room. A small gymnasium for use by all students also was part of the original building.</p><br>
<p>Although only female students lived in Pemberton Hall, and no students were required to live there, the building served as a center of many social functions for the college in its early years, since the first-floor parlor provided space for parties and meetings.</p><br>
<p>Today, Pemberton Hall has an old section (the portion of the building that dates from 1909) and a new section, built in the early 1960s. With the addition of the new section, Pemberton Hall now can house over 200 students, in single, double, and triple rooms. The former gym is now home to the universitys honors college. The matrons quarters are now the ARD&#39;s apartment, the fireplaces are not used because of the risk of setting the nearly 100-year-old woodwork on fire, and the fourth floor is used as a storage attic.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>Pemberton students like to pass on ghost stories concerning the third or fourth floor, and a plaque in the foyer dedicated to the building&#39;s first matron, Mary Hawkins. According to campus legend, a student was raped and murdered by a janitor sometime in the early 1900s, and it was Hawkins who discovered the body. The incident deeply affected her, and she sunk into depression and later committed suicide. Reports of paranormal incidents are said to have begun soon afterwards, and are usually attributed to the ghost of Mary Hawkins, still watching over her students, along with the ghost of the murdered girl. They say she talks during early morning hours.</p><br>
<p>The Old Post Office is the oldest surviving federal building in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Located at the northwest corner of Fourth and Gold in downtown Albuquerque, the Spanish Colonial Revival-style building was built in 1908 under the supervision of architect James Knox Taylor. Several federal agencies were initially housed in the Post Office building but it quickly became overcrowded, necessitating the construction of the Federal Building and USA Courthouse next door in 1930. The post office remained in the older building until 1972. Today the interior of the Old Post Office has been remodeled to house the Amy Biehl Charter High School.</p><br>
<p>The Old Post Office was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is a part of a complex of Albuquerque federal buildings that includes the National Register-listed USA Courthouse (b. 1930), the former Federal Building (b. 1960) at 517 Gold SW, and the Chavez Federal Building (b. 1965).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When, in 1907, Albuquerque reached the "first post office" class since it exceeded the required $40,000 in receipts, the city announced plans and began construction on the new facility. The supervising architect of the project was James Knox Taylor. The finished building cost twice the amount of the projected $100,000. The contractor, Anders Anson, went bankrupt due to changes in the construction plans.</p><br>
<p>The area&#39;s growth was so rapid that upon completion the building was perceived to be inadequate to meet the needs of the Post Office, courts and other tenants. In 1932, an addition was built to the building and in 1930 the larger (and grander) Federal Building was constructed at 421 Gold Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Throughout its history the building has been remodeled and the spaces changed to accommodate a variety of tenants. The Post Office moved out of this building when the new Dennis Chavez Federal Building was built to include the Post Office. The 1st floor interior was radically remodeled to include more office space.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural description</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of the original 1908 building and the 1932 addition are exposed to public view on the east, south, and west elevations. The north elevation of the 1908 building is also visible as it fronts on a parking area. To the casual observer, the building appears to be one single building, but there are clear indications where the 1932 addition begins. The roof color changes slightly where the new roof is spliced in; the 1923 addition is set back slightly; the south entry steps are quite different, and the exposed, carved rafter ends have different patterns in the two buildings.</p><br>
<p>Both period exteriors consist of a limestone base, stucco finish painted brown up to the eaves, an exposed soffit with massive decorative rafter ends and a red clay tile roof. The 1908 windows and iron balconies are duplicated in the 1932 addition.</p><br>
<p>The Rose Hotel is a historic site owned by the USA state of Illinois. It is located in Elizabethtown, Illinois, on the banks of the Ohio River. The oldest wing of the hotel was built in 1812 by James McFarland. It is one of the oldest structures in Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The earliest portion of the Rose Hotel was built in 1812, and an east addition was constructed in 1848. In the years following the Civil War, a rear dining room and a covered, two-story porch and stairway were added. In 1882, a pavilion called the "summer house" was built on the edge of the bluff in front of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, Sarah Rose Baker, a widow who had worked at the hotel for seven years, purchased the hotel from the McFarlan family. The hotel passed to daughter Charlotte Rose Gullet upon Sarah Rose&#39;s death in 1939 and remained in the Gullet family until the state of Illinois purchased the property in 1988. A large restoration project was complete in 2000, and the hotel opened again for business.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is currently leased by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency to a private-sector operator, Sandy Vineyard, who maintains the structure as a bed and breakfast. The exterior is restored to its 1889 appearance.</p><br>
<p>Hawikuh , was one of the largest of the Zuni pueblos at the time of the Spanish entrada. It was founded around 1400 AD. It was the first pueblo to be visited and conquered by Spanish explorers. The Spanish chroniclers referred to it as Cevola, Tzibola, or Cibola.</p><br>
<p>The pueblo site is located 12 mi southwest of Zuni Pueblo, on the Zuni Indian Reservation in Cibola County, New Mexico. In 1960 the site was designated as a National Historic Landmark known as the Hawikuh Ruins. It is included as a contributing part of the Zuni-Cibola Complex of archaeological sites, a larger National Historic Landmark District designated by the United States Department of Interior in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1539, Estevanico became the first non-native to visit Hawikuh. Rumors and legends revolving around the disappearance of Estevanico in the region eventually led to the Tiguex War. The war occurred during a later expedition by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, as he searched for the legendary "Seven Cities of Gold".</p><br>
<p>He wrote about the pueblo:</p><br>
<p>Although they are not decorated with turquoises, nor made of lime or good bricks, nevertheless they are very good houses, with three, four, and five stories, where there are very good apartments... and some very good rooms underground Kivas, paved, which are made for winter and have something like hot baths.</p><br>
<p>Some Hawikuu residents fled to the Dowa Yalanne mesa top to escape the attackers of the Coronado expedition. The 14 structures at Dowa Yalanne, which were used as a refuge from the Spaniards between 1540 and 1680, were called Heshoda Ayahltona ("ancient buildings above").</p><br>
<p>In 1628 the Spanish established Mission La Purísima Concepción de Hawikuh at this pueblo. The Spanish attempted to suppress the Zuni religion, and introduced the encomienda forced-labor system. In 1632, the Hawikuh Zuni rebelled, burned the church, and killed the priest. In 1672, Apache raiders burned the church. In 1680 it was burned again during the Great Pueblo Revolt, when all the Nuevo México pueblos rose against the Spanish. After this revolt, the Zuni permanently abandoned Hawikuh.</p><br>
<p>Hawikuh is located within the boundaries of the Zuni Indian Reservation near Zuni, New Mexico. The ruins of Hawikuh were excavated during 1917-23 by the Heye Foundation under the leadership of Frederick Webb Hodge, who was assistant director of the Museum of the American Indian, New York. The records and artifacts from this excavation are held by the National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C. It acquired Heye&#39;s museum collection in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Hawikuh was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 by the Department of Interior.</p><br>
<p>The Colonial Germantown Historic District is a designated National Historic Landmark District in the Germantown and Mount Airy neighborhoods of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania along both sides of Germantown Avenue. This road followed a Native American path from the Delaware River just north of Old City Philadelphia, through Germantown, about 6 miles northwest of Center City Philadelphia, and on to Pottstown. Settlement in the Germantown area began, at the invitation of William Penn, in 1683 by Nederlanders and Germans under the leadership of Francis Daniel Pastorius fleeing religious persecution.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Germantown was a leader in religious thought, printing, and education. Important dates in Germantown&#39;s early history include: p. 7</p><br>
<p>August 16, 1683, Pastorius arrives in Philadelphia</p><br>
<p>October 25, 1683, Lots are drawn for land among Pastorius&#39;s followers and settlement begins</p><br>
<p>1688, first American anti-slavery protest published</p><br>
<p>1690, first paper-mill built in America is built near Germantown</p><br>
<p>1705, possibly the first portrait painted in oil in America painted by Christopher Witt in Germantown</p><br>
<p>1708, first Mennonite Meetinghouse in America built in Germantown</p><br>
<p>1719, first Dunkards in America arrive in Germantown</p><br>
<p>1743, first Bible printed in America in any European language (in this case German), printed by Christoph Sauer</p><br>
<p>1760, Germantown Academy founded</p><br>
<p>February 1764, the Paxton Boys enter Germantown but disperse after meeting with a delegation headed by Benjamin Franklin</p><br>
<p>1770, first American book on pedagogy written by Christopher Dock and published in Germantown</p><br>
<p>October 4, 1777, Battle of Germantown</p><br>
<p>1793, during the Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic, President Washington and his cabinet move to Germantown</p><br>
<p>1794, Washington spends two months in Germantown to avoid the heat in Philadelphia</p><br>
<p>July 20, 1825, General Lafayette visits Germantown</p><br>
<p>June 6, 1832, railroad from Philadelphia to Germantown opens</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation and extent</h2><br>
<p>The district was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The original district included the 4500 to 6600 blocks of Germantown Avenue (between Windrim Avenue and Sharpnack Street). In 1987 the district was expanded north to the 7600 block of Germantown Avenue (up to Cresheim Valley Drive), which is the southern boundary of the Chestnut Hill Historic District. The districts two parts contain 579 properties, of which 514 are considered contributing, and only 65 non-contributing. The northwest Philadelphia area, which promotes itself as "Freedoms Backyard," contains 11 historic districts listed by the National Register of Historic Places, as well as 58 separately listed properties. Eight state historical markers are located on Germantown Avenue. Nearly complete inventories prepared for the National Register of Historic Places, both for the original district and for the expanded area are available. A 1907 inventory of historic buildings in the area was printed in the "History of Old Germantown."</p><br>
<h2>Selected contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Contributing properties in the district include the following. Even street numbers are on the west side of Germantown Avenue, odd numbers on the east. Original construction dates may be approximate.</p><br>
<p>Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning or Dropsie University was a Jewish institution of higher learning in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was America&#39;s first degree-granting institution for post-doctoral Jewish studies. Funded by the will of Moses Aaron Dropsie , it was chartered in 1907 and its first building was completed in 1912. It ceased to grant degrees in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Dropsie University Complexs buildings were placed on Philadelphias roster of historic buildings as of November 30, 1971. The Dropsie University Complex was named a national historic landmark (NRHP) on January 17, 1975.</p><br>
<p>After a brief period as the Annenberg Research Institute (1986–1993), Dropsie ceased to be an independent organization and became part of the University of Pennsylvania. Its name changed several times and it was relocated, becoming the Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning was founded in 1907. Its main benefactor was Moses Aaron Dropsie (1821–1905), a wealthy man whose father was Jewish and mother was Christian but who self-identified as Jewish from the age of 14. In 1905, Dropsie left his entire fortune for the establishment of a Jewish college along broad lines, offering instruction "in the Hebrew and cognate languages and their respective literatures, and in the rabbinical learning and literature." Estimated at $800,000, the amount of this bequest was the largest sum that had been made available for the promotion of Jewish studies.</p><br>
<p>Dropsie College may have been designed by Lewis Pilcher or by Abraham Levy.</p><br>
<p>It was built at Broad and York Streets. It was near the historic Spanish and Portuguese Congregation Mikveh Israel, Philadelphia&#39;s first Jewish congregation, then at 2321 N Broad Street.</p><br>
<p>The first three presidents of Dropsie (Mayer Sulzberger, Cyrus Adler and Abraham A. Neuman) were worshipers there. They were instrumental in establishing the college and its library. Dropsie College sought to be grounded in the values, history, and "Science of Judaism."</p><br>
<p>On November 9, 1981, a fire ravaged the school&#39;s building at Broad and York Streets. In December 1983, the school moved to Temple Adath Israel of the Main Line in Merion where it was welcomed rent-free.</p><br>
<p>Dropsie granted more than 200 Ph.D.s between its inception and its closing as a degree-granting institution in 1986. Dropsie was also the publisher of the Jewish Quarterly Review, which was at the time the most respected journal on the subject.</p><br>
<p>The faculty at Dropsie included scholars from outside the United States, including Benzion Netanyahu, who came from Jerusalem with his young sons, Yonatan (Yoni) and Benjamin (Bibi), who there had their first true exposures to American culture, which would become a touchstone for later interactions with the American public for Bibi.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<h3>Dropsie students</h3><br>
<p>Barry J. Beitzel (1942–), American biblical and geographical scholar, professor of Old Testament and Hebrew, and Bible translator.</p><br>
<p>Larry L. Walker (1932–2021), American biblical scholar, professor of Old Testament and Hebrew, and Bible translator</p><br>
<p>Kenneth L. Barker (1931–), American biblical scholar, professor of Old Testament and Hebrew, and Bible translator</p><br>
<p>William Sanford LaSor (1911-1991), American biblical scholar</p><br>
<p>Philip Birnbaum (1904–1988), Polish-American author and translator, best known for his translation of the siddur</p><br>
<p>Joshua Bloch (1890–1957), Lithuanian-American rabbi and librarian</p><br>
<p>Raymond B. Dillard (1944–1993), American Old Testament scholar</p><br>
<p>Iris Habib Elmasry (1910–1994), Coptic historian and scholar</p><br>
<p>Simon Ginzburg (1890–1944), Hebrew poet, critic and historian. Obtained a PhD from Dropsie in 1923. Translated the letters of the Ramchal.</p><br>
<p>Cyrus H. Gordon (1908–2001), Near East scholar – did not graduate</p><br>
<p>R. Laird Harris (1911–2008), American Presbyterian minister and Old Testament scholar</p><br>
<p>Louis L. Kaplan (1902–2001), President of Baltimore Hebrew University 1930–1970, Acting Chancellor of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County 1976–1977</p><br>
<p>Meredith G. Kline (1922–2007), American theologian and Old Testament scholar – Ph.D. in Assyriology and Egyptology</p><br>
<p>Samuel Noah Kramer (1897–1990), Ukrainian-American Assyriologist and Sumeriologist – did not graduate; transferred to Penn</p><br>
<p>Albert L. Lewis (1917–2008), Congregational rabbi and professor of homiletics at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America</p><br>
<p>Benzion Netanyahu (1910–2012), Zionist, scholar of Jewish history, and father of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu</p><br>
<p>Bernard Revel (1885–1940), future head of RIETS yeshiva and founder/President of Yeshiva College. 1911 doctoral thesis on Karaite Judaism</p><br>
<p>Ephraim Speiser (1902–1965) Near East scholar and archaeologist, excavator of Tepe Gawra</p><br>
<p>Edward J. Young (1907–1968), American Old Testament scholar and commentator</p><br>
<p>Terry L. Eves (1952–2019), American biblical theology scholar and Professor of Old Testament</p><br>
<p>Ronald F. Youngblood (1931–2014), American biblical scholar and Professor of Old Testament</p><br>
<p>Richard Averbeck, American biblical scholar and Professor of Old Testament and Semitic Languages Trinity Evangelical Divinity School</p><br>
<h3>Dropsie faculty</h3><br>
<p>Cyrus Adler, Jewish religious leader and scholar – president</p><br>
<p>William Chomsky, noted Hebrew scholar and father of Noam Chomsky</p><br>
<p>Benzion Halper, Hebraist and Arabist</p><br>
<p>Benzion Netanyahu, historian of Jews in medieval Spain and father of Benjamin Netanyahu, Yonatan Netanyahu, and Iddo Netanyahu</p><br>
<p>Raphael Patai, ethnographer and anthropologist – professor of anthropology, 1948–1957</p><br>
<p>Stefan Reif, Jewish researcher – assistant professor of Hebrew, 1972–1973</p><br>
<p>Solomon Zeitlin, historian of the second Jewish commonwealth and early Christianity.</p><br>
<p>Solomon Gandz, research professor of the history of Semitic Civilization</p><br>
<p>Bernard D. Weinryb, professor of Jewish history and economics, author of numerous works on European Jewish history</p><br>
<h2>Reformation</h2><br>
<p>By 1980, Dropsie College was near failing, its building in need of repairs and many of its books missing. On November 9, 1981, newly elected president David M. Goldenberg was notified of an arson attack, taking place on the forty-third anniversary of Kristallnacht. Attempts to put out the fire irreparably damaged the library and its contents, including rare books and ancient cuneiform tablets.</p><br>
<p>Goldenberg launched an extensive campaign to recover and restore the library, while board member Albert J. Wood worked to transform the college into a post-graduate research center. Wood attracted the support of philanthropist Walter Annenberg. Wood became the founding chairman of the board of the briefly renamed Moses Aaron Dropsie Research Institute, followed by Walter Annenberg as of September 13, 1985.</p><br>
<p>As of September 1986, Dropsie College ceased to be a degree-granting college. Annenberg funded the construction of a new building, to which the institution moved in 1988. The new location was just three blocks south of the new location of congregation Mikveh Israel, as well as the National Museum of American Jewish History. The proposed goal of the new institution was to support dialogue among the monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Its directors were Bernard Lewis (1986–1990), Eric M. Meyers (1991–1992), and as acting director, David M. Goldenberg (1992–1993).</p><br>
<p>In 1993, the Annenberg Research Institute ceased to be an independent organization. It became part of the University of Pennsylvania, as the Center for Judaic Studies. In 1998, it was renamed the Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, and in 2008, the Herbert D. Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies. It is part of the Penn library system.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>The institutional records and library collections of Dropsie College are now part of the collections of the Herbert D. Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, which is part of the University of Pennsylvania&#39;s library system.</p><br>
<p>Philips Memorial Hall is a building of West Chester University, in West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States, named after George Morris Philips , originally opened in 1927. It is a contributing building in the West Chester State College Quadrangle Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. Designed by Walter F. Price, the exterior is fashioned from hammer-dressed Foxcroft Wissahickon schist, a local stone commonly used for buildings in the Collegiate Gothic style.</p><br>
<p>Thanks to the support of Emilie Kessel Asplundh &#39;27 and others, preservation and renovations were completed in 1999. Special features include: the whispering archway; the distinctive gargoyles; coats of arms and figures of western civilization; the 2,000-volume Philips Autographed Library; the 1,200-seat Emilie K. Asplundh Concert Hall; and the Presidential office suite.</p><br>
<p>George Morris Philips, Serpentine, 1913.jpgGeorge Morris Philips</p><br>
<p>The Indian King Tavern  was a colonial American tavern in Haddonfield, Camden County, New Jersey, United States, which was the site of a 1777 meeting of the New Jersey Legislature adopted its Great Seal. It was the first State Historic Site, adopted as such in 1903. Its original structure remains largely intact. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. </p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1745, Mathias Aspden, a Quaker merchant and ship owner, purchased property in the center of the village of Haddonfield, cleared the poorly constructed brewery buildings, and began constructing the largest tavern on the village&#39;s main road, Kings Highway. The structure was completed in 1750. The building has been dated earlier with additional research. The oldest portion of the building dates to 1730.</p><br>
<p>Taverns such as Aspdens were centers of commercial and social life, and in the increasing tensions between the British Empire, represented by Loyalists, and the Patriots, forums for heated debate that put the lives of both those arguing and the owners of such places in jeopardy. As tensions peaked because of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775, the taverns owner, Mathias Aspden, Jr., had gone to England for his education and returned a staunch Loyalist. He sold his tavern to Thomas Redman, who ran the village apothecary shop. Aspden, Jr. sailed for England for good as the Second Continental Congress was convening in Philadelphia in 1776. He was tried and convicted of treason in absentia; his properties in southwestern New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania were seized and sold, with the profits going into the Continental Treasury.</p><br>
<p>In 1776, New Jersey saw such towns as Princeton and Trenton devastated by marching armies from both sides during the American Revolution. Haddonfield residents gathered frequently at the tavern; Redman, who was also the clerk for the local Friends Meeting, was required to read publicly documents that included the sect&#39;s pacifist refusal to become combatants. Because of this, in January 1777 Redman was arrested and charged with sedition by an officer of the Continental Army, and jailed in Woodbury, the county seat at that time. Redman was released and fined on March 18 of that same year. He returned to his tavern in Haddonfield to find that the state had used his tavern that same day to create a Council of Safety, whose mission it was to try, convict and incarcerate deserters, Loyalists and other enemies of the Revolution. The cellar of the tavern is thought to have been used by this council to hold the overflow from the guard house across the street</p><br>
<p>Less than two months later, Redman sold his tavern to Hugh Creighton, who already owned a tavern a few blocks away near Potter Street. Creighton&#39;s old tavern was named the "Indian King" Tavern by its original owner, Sarah Norris, in deference to Lenape Native Americans who had cared for the newly immigrated and poorly equipped European settlers; it was subsequently taken over by Mary French, a widow who later married Creighton. Hugh Creighton then transferred the name of the tavern to his newly acquired tavern on Kings Highway.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was alternately occupied by British, Hessians and Continental troops as the revolution ravaged parts of the state. Patriot generals Anthony Wayne, the Marquis de Lafayette and the Polish Count Casimir Pulaski all marched along Kings Highway, and the Indian King Tavern, being the largest and most prominent at the time, would have been used by these men for meetings, lodging and recreation. Today, the remains of British and Hessian soldiers who died in Haddonfield remain buried in unmarked graves at the north corner of the cemetery at the Society of Friends&#39; meeting house nearby.</p><br>
<p>Several local legends about the Indian King Tavern have now been dispelled. When tours were given in the 1960s and 1970s it was said that Dolley Madison frequented the Indian King Tavern attending dances there. Another legend is that the tunnels from the Indian King Tavern under King&#39;s Highway were once part of the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<h3>Early statehood</h3><br>
<p>On July 2, 1776, the New Jersey government declared itself free and independent via the New Jersey Constitution of 1776. In 1777, the New Jersey Legislature (joint session of the General Assembly and Legislative Council) met on the spacious second floor meeting room of the Indian King Tavern because the area they had been meeting in was overrun by fighting troops. The Council and General Assembly of the colony formally read into the meeting minutes the Declaration of Independence created across the Delaware River in Philadelphia in the previous year and enacted the law that formally accepted its terms. They remained there for some time, conducting the new state&#39;s affairs.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In 1903, the state acquired the Indian King Tavern structure, due to its history with the state legislature, removed recent additions, and restored the original layout of two-and-a-half stories. The Indian King Tavern Museum was the first New Jersey Historic Site, and is now administered by the Division of Parks and Forestry of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Tours are provided free for the first and second floors, but not the cellar, which remains a topic of mystery as to its unusual layout and passageways. While the essential parts of the original structure remain, its interior accessories were created by reproduction craftsmen because of budgetary requirements.</p><br>
<p>The Old Library at West Chester University in West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA, is situated on the prominent corner of South Church Street and West Rosedale Avenue, marking the southwest corner of the Quad.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Following the old tradition of the Quad, this 1902 building was made from serpentine rubble stone with a slate roof. The Department of Anthropology and Sociology, as well as the, are housed in this facility.</p><br>
<p>It is a contributing building to the West Chester State College Quadrangle Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Cahokia Courthouse State Historic Site is a reconstructed French-Canadian structure built about 1740 at what is now 107 Elm Street, Cahokia Heights, Illinois. At various times it has served as a house and as a courthouse. It is currently interpreted to resemble its appearance about 1800 as a frontier courthouse of the Northwest Territory. The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1972.</p><br>
<p>The old Cahokia log home is believed to have been built in 1737 as a four-room private residence by Jean le Poincet and acquired in later years by Jean Francois Saucier, son of the designer of Fort de Chartres, from his first wifes family as her dowry. It was here that Jean Francois Sauciers six children with his first two wives, Marguerite Cadron and Angelique Lapensee were born. His other eight children with third wife Marie Francoise Nicolle were born and raised in Missouri. It is the oldest house in Illinois as well as the mid-west.</p><br>
<h2>French period</h2><br>
<p>Following the explorations of Marquette, Jolliet and La Salle in the 1670s, the Mississippi Valley became part of New France. The adventurous French had mapped more territory than their numbers could settle, but their attention soon focused on a section of the valley south of the mouth of the Missouri River. In this region, which would later be known as the American Bottom, the alluvial soil was exceptionally fertile, and the local Native Americans, members of the Illiniwek nation or Illinois Confederacy, were friendly to the newcomers.</p><br>
<p>In the early 18th century, French-speaking immigrants, mostly from Canada, settled villages in the American Bottom such as Kaskaskia, Prairie du Rocher, and Cahokia. They lived in harmony with the Indians and named several of their villages, such as Cahokia, after constituent tribes of the Illiniwek who lived nearby.</p><br>
<p>The building now known as the Cahokia Courthouse traces its ancestry back to a French-Canadian log cabin built by one of these settlers about 1740. In line with his groups customary architecture, the unknown builder built the cabin with logs raised vertically. This was different from having the logs placed horizontally, as had become the custom among English-speaking frontiersmen farther east. The French colonial building style is called poteaux-sur-sol (French:post on sill) construction, with the buildings posts grounded in a foundation sill to retard wood rot.</p><br>
<h2>American Bottom</h2><br>
<p>Following the American Revolution and the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the Cahokia region was transferred with the rest of the east bank of the Mississippi from Great Britain to the new United States. The alluvial region, east of the river, came to be known as the American Bottom, to distinguish it from the west bank of the river, at that time a colony of Spain.</p><br>
<p>The American frontiersmen were jealous of their right to govern themselves in local communities, and invested a substantial amount of their very limited resources to set up a legal infrastructure of local self-government. On April 27, 1790, St. Clair County, Illinois, the first county located within the Illinois region of the Northwest Territory, was organized. Soon afterwards, the 1740 Cahokia house, an unusually well-built structure, was promoted to the status of a courthouse for the new county.</p><br>
<p>Territorial law books describe the kind of decisions and court cases that were made and heard in this small building. Land titles and transfers were registered here. Certain types of businesses, such as frontier taverns and ferryboats, required licenses that were issued from this building. Criminal cases were heard, and votes were counted.</p><br>
<p>In 1804 the federal government opened its first Illinois land office, in Kaskaskia, to sell former Native American land to settlers. Soon the population of St. Clair County grew far too large for the small log cabin to be adequate as a courthouse.</p><br>
<h2>Reconstructions</h2><br>
<p>In 1904, promoters for the St. Louis World&#39;s Fair discovered the old Cahokia courthouse, which by this time had become one of the oldest surviving buildings in Illinois. They bought it, dismantled it, and carried the surviving posts and other wooden pieces across the river to St. Louis for rebuilding as a fair attraction.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse appears to have survived this experience and to have excited interest from Illinoisans. At the end of the fair, the cabin was again dismantled, this time for a 1906 rebuilding in Jackson Park in Chicago.</p><br>
<p>Cahokia residents resented the fact that their oldest building had been moved to the opposite end of the state, and successfully lobbied in the 1920s for the old log cabin to be purchased and reconstructed a third time on its original site.</p><br>
<p>By this time, however, very little of the 1740 cabin remained. Each act of dismantling and reconstruction had replaced much of the original wood with new timbers. The third reconstruction was mostly a new building. The state of Illinois stated that the rebuilt Cahokia courthouse contained some pieces of timber from the original structure.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The reconstructed Cahokia Courthouse is a historic site of the state of Illinois and is one of the oldest in the United States. Since 1985, it has been under the jurisdiction of the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (IHPA). Exhibits focus on the issues dealt with by the court around 1800, and the history of the structures physical movements. A visitor center also features exhibits about the areas occupation by the French in the 18th century, as well as the nearby Nicholas Jarrot Mansion.</p><br>
<p>Due to state budget cuts, the IHPA temporarily closed the Cahokia Courthouse to the public from December 2008 until April 2009.</p><br>
<p>St. Peters Cathedral is the Roman Catholic cathedral at 315 Wyoming Avenue in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Scranton. The entire St. Peters Cathedral Complex is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1867, as the parish church of St. Vincent de Paul. In 1883–84, a project was undertaken to remodel and embellish the church, which by now was the central church of the diocese, and on September 28, 1884, the new mother church of the diocese was consecrated by Archbishop P. J. Ryan of Philadelphia, and its name changed to the Cathedral of St. Peter, marking its new role in the still-young diocese. The cathedral complex includes the adjacent rectory (1908) and convent.</p><br>
<p>The original windows of the church contained simple red and white diamond-shaped panes. The stained glass windows now found in the cathedral date from the alterations begun in 1883. Much of this work can be attributed to the architect Edwin Forrest Durang and later to the German designer Frank Mayer. In addition to the use of stained glass in the clerestory and over the entrances, there are 15 grandiose windows focusing on the life of Christ and highlighting the Virgin Mary and other saints. Of special note are the windows depicting the Annunciation, the Visitation, the Nativity, and the Last Supper.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The present organ was built in 1979 by Casavant Frères of Quebec, Canada, the firm&#39;s Opus 3414.</p><br>
<p>In February 2008, the cathedral was chosen by EWTN&#39;s Cathedrals Across America series to host the globally televised Mass for the Feast of the Chair of St. Peter.</p><br>
<h2>Cathedral staff</h2><br>
<p>The Most Reverend Joseph C. Bambera, Bishop of Scranton</p><br>
<p>Monsignor Dale R. Rupert, Pastor</p><br>
<p>The Reverend Thomas M. Muldowney, V.G., Vicar General</p><br>
<p>Deacon Edward R. Shoener, Permanent Deacon</p><br>
<p>The Reverend Jeffrey J. Walsh, Episcopal Vicar for Clergy</p><br>
<p>Kathy Geiger, Business Manager</p><br>
<p>Marlene Lucchi, Secretary</p><br>
<p>Linda Phillips Orseck director of liturgical music</p><br>
<p>Paul Casparo, Sacristan</p><br>
<p>The Ford Mansion, also known as Washingtons Headquarters, is a classic 18th-century American home located at 30 Washington Place in Morristown, New Jersey that served as General George Washingtons headquarters from December 1779 to June 1780 during the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in Georgian architectural style in 1774 by Jacob Ford Jr. It is now owned by the National Park Service. It was acquired by the Washington Association of New Jersey in 1873.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house has a Georgian-style exterior, but the interior kitchen and framing shows evidence of Dutch influence. According to Alan Gowan, "the boarding of the Ford Mansion was laid evenly painted and scored to look like a fine masonry with quoins at the corners". The mansion has a palladian window above the door and a stylish cornice. The fancy architecture was not created to look appealing, but to showcase the wealth of the family who owned the building.</p><br>
<p>The headmasters section of the house was built with symmetrical rooms on both sides of the foyer. The office is across from the library, and the parlor is across from the dining room. On the second floor, there are symmetrical bedrooms on each side of the hallway. The servants section of the house was near the kitchen and the pantry on the east side. The grand hall and the parlor are what categorize the house as a mansion. The Ford Mansion used painted flush boards and clapboards for the exterior rather than brick, which was more common at the time.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>George Washington and the Continental Army were obliged to set up an encampment in Morristown because of transportation problems. Washington liked Morristown&#39;s "defensible terrain, important communication routes, and access to critical resources.". The Ford family had businesses in iron mines and forges, a gristmill, a hemp-mill, and a gunpowder mill that were all stationed near the house. These businesses were useful to the army in getting resources.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding community was made up of 250 residents and 70 buildings. In 1777, many high-ranking officials rented these houses. Unfortunately, an epidemic of smallpox spread through the town from the soldiers, making the townspeople somewhat bitter to Washington&#39;s troops when they arrived in 1779.</p><br>
<p>Washingtons army was stationed at Jockey Hollow while Washington stayed in Ford Mansion. Jockey Hollow is five miles south of Washingtons Headquarters.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>The Ford Mansion was originally owned by Colonel Jacob Ford Jr. He was given the deed to the two hundred acres of land by his father in 1762, which was the same year he married Theodosia Johnes. Before serving in the war, Jacob Jr. and his father owned an iron forge in Whippany, New Jersey. Ford built the house just south of the Whippany River, making it easier to travel to work.</p><br>
<p>Ford was the Eastern Battalion Commander of the Morris County Militia. He died from pneumonia on January 11, 1777 in the mansion house, and 35 Delaware troops witnessed his death.</p><br>
<p>Ford and his soldiers captured a bronze six-pounder field cannon from the British Army on January 3, 1777 at the victory in Princeton, New Jersey. According to Morristown National Historical Park, "with artillery and arms in short supply, the victory at Princeton not only boosted the morale of the Continental Army, but it bolstered their scant arsenal of weapons.". The cannon that was captured is on display at the museum on the property of the Ford Mansion, along with other field guns of the era.</p><br>
<h2>Resistance of 1779–1780</h2><br>
<p>After Ford&#39;s death, Mrs. Theodosia Ford gained ownership of the mansion. According to Pfister, "Mrs. Ford held the family together and kept the farm and family business a profitable endeavor".</p><br>
<p>Prior to Washington&#39;s arrival, the house was considered a "great human tragedy for the Ford family" because it was rented in 1777 to Continental Army troops that developed smallpox. When Washington arrived, he asked permission from the widow if he could stay in the mansion and paid her rent. General Washington, Martha Washington, five aides-de-camp, and 18 servants stayed in the mansion.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Ford and her four children occupied two of the four downstairs bedrooms and reserved the kitchen for her own personal use.</p><br>
<h2>Commander-in-Chief</h2><br>
<p>Washington arrived at Ford mansion in December 1779. The location was perfect for him because the American capital was in Philadelphia and the British Army capital was in Manhattan. It allowed Washington to keep a close eye on the British and enabled him to send letters successfully to the Continental Congress.</p><br>
<p>Washington wrote many letters to Congress explaining the poor predicament that his troops were in during his stay at the Ford Mansion. His place of work was in the private study, which was located on the first floor of the house. Washingtons aides-de-camp worked in the parlor, which became the military office. These included Alexander Hamilton, Robert H. Harrison, Tench Tilghman, Richard Meade, and James McHenry. The only record of Washingtons stay at the mansion was a letter from Richard Meade to Mrs. Ford, dated July 26, 1780:</p><br>
<p>Madam: I have received your favour by Captain Tomas Pry. I communicated its contents to His Excellency and am directed to transmit you the inclosed certificate. I have the honour and I certify that the commander in Chief took up his quarters at Mrs. Fords at Morris Town the first day of December 1779, that he left them the 23d of June 1780, and that he occupied two rooms below; all the upper floor, Kitchen, Cellar and Stable. The Stable was built and the two Rooms above Stairs finished at the public expence, and a well, which was intirely useless and filled up before, put in thorough repair by walling & c. Head Quarters near Passaick July 26th. 1780.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Washington Association of New Jersey was founded to preserve the Ford Mansion and its history in Morristown. It purchased the mansion in 1873 and began restoration. A caretaker&#39;s cottage was built nearby in 1886. The mansion and grounds were transferred to the National Park Service in 1933.</p><br>
<p>Stony Point Battlefield is a historic site in Rockland County, New York; the location of the 1779 Battle of Stony Point during the American Revolutionary War. It is a National Historic Landmark and has a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was purchased and preserved in the late 1890s, and opened to the public in 1902.</p><br>
<p>A flying stunt was flown during the July 16, 1929 sesquicentennial of the Stony Point Battlefield, in front of a crowd of over 8,000 dignitaries. A number of traditional military units were on display, including the US Horse Artillery, the First Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry and various infantry army and National Guard units. In comparison to these 18th and 19th century horse and foot-transportation methods, "A modern feature was the flying over the battlefield during the exercises, of an airplane piloted by Mrs. Opal Kunz, who dropped an American flag." "During the ceremonies, Mrs. Kunz flew alone from the Newark, NJ Airport, in her airplane, the Betsy Ross over Stony Point, and from an altitude of 1,000 feet dropped several hundred small American flags, and also a larger one, weighted, which fell upon the battlefield."</p><br>
<p>A museum was built on the site in 1936, and in the 1940s the Palisades Interstate Park Commission took over administration of the battlefield and began to acquire more of the surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The Stony Point Battlefield along with DeWint House in Tappan and Blauvelt House in New City are the only places in Rockland County designated as New York State "" sites.</p><br>
<p>By the 1980s, the park encompassed all public land on the peninsula, including the historic Stony Point Lighthouse, built in 1826.</p><br>
<p>The site is now operated as Stony Point Battlefield State Historic Site, and includes the museum with exhibits about the battle and the lighthouse. The park offers interpretive programs including 18th century military life, cannon and musket firings, cooking demonstrations, nature walks, guided tours of the battlefield, and children&#39;s activities.</p><br>
<p>Artist Lee Woodward Zeigler worked for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) and painted two murals c.1936 at the Stony Point Battlefield museum in Stony Point, New York, one of which features George Washington and Anthony Wayne planning their attack from nearby Buckberg Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The park is open Wednesday through Saturday from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., and Sundays from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. It is accessible from USA Route 9W just north of the Village of Stony Point.</p><br>
<p>The California Club is an invitation-only private club established in 1888, based in Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<p>According to the Los Angeles Times, "The people who run Los Angeles belong to the Jonathan Club; the people who own Los Angeles belong to the California Club." The California Club maintains a mandatory requirement that all new member candidates wishing to gain entry must receive invitations from no less than six existing club members, pass a series of interviews by the club&#39;s membership committee, and undergo additional background and reference checks in order to obtain admission.</p><br>
<p>In April 2005, the club was ranked #13 in the "Centrality Rankings" by UC Santa Cruz sociologist G. William Domhoff in his research about social clubs, policy-planning groups, corporations, and ruling-class cohesiveness.</p><br>
<h2>Organizational history</h2><br>
<p>The California Club was incorporated on December 24, 1888. The first organizational meeting was held September 24, 1887, with N.C. Coleman as chairman and H.T. DeWilson as secretary.</p><br>
<p>"The constitution and bylaws of the Union Social Club, of San Francisco, was reported and accepted without any change by the body of gentlemen assembled. There was considerable discussion on the... name of the club, and... it was decided to call it the California Club, of Los Angeles. The section in the bylaws granting army and navy officers all the privileges of members upon half-rate caused considerable feeling among the members. Four votes were taken on the question, and at last it was decided to allow the bylaws to read as they have for twenty-five years in the Union Club."</p><br>
<p>The clubs first location was in the second-floor rooms over the Tally-Ho Stables on the northwest corner of First and Fort (Broadway) streets, where the Los Angeles County Law Library now stands. It moved to the Wilcox Building on the southeast corner of Second and Spring streets in 1895, occupying the two top floors, the fourth and fifth. The building was the first in Los Angeles to have two elevators—one for the public and the other for members. The mens dining room, reading room, bar and lounge were on the top floor. On the floor below was the ladies&#39; dining room.</p><br>
<p>The club stayed in the Wilcox Building for a decade before moving because of its growing membership. In 1904, the club&#39;s headquarters moved to a five-story building on Fifth and Hill streets.</p><br>
<p>At various times in its history, the California Club was accused of discrimination against women, African Americans, Jews, and other minorities. In a vote taken in June 1987, 90 percent of the voting members favored admitting women. In addition, the Los Angeles City Council in May 1987 voted, 12–0, to ban discriminatory practices at institutions in Los Angeles like the California Club. Since that time, the Club has maintained a non-discriminatory policy for admission to membership.</p><br>
<h2>The current clubhouse</h2><br>
<p>The current seven-story clubhouse was completed on August 25, 1930, after construction was started in late 1928. The building was designed by Robert D. Farquhar, an architect trained at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The American Institute of Architects awarded Farquhar the Distinguished Honor Award for the design of the California Club building.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>"The structure is considered one of the most important buildings of the architect Robert D. Farquhar. Built in 1930, The Italian Renaissance Revival style building, with its setbacks and tower, was among the largest buildings in the immediate area when the site was chosen. Elements like the private forecourt, which partially shields the front entrance and first floor, provides the club with a sense of privacy and understated design."</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on July 6, 2010.</p><br>
<p>In addition to antiques and handcrafted furniture, the clubhouse is decorated with a collection of Western-themed, plein air paintings by such American landscape painters as J. Bond Francisco, Elmer Wachtel, Franz A. Bischoff, George Kennedy Brandriff, William Wendt and Paul Lauritz.</p><br>
<p>The William Pitt Union, which was built in 1898 as the Hotel Schenley, is the student union building of the University of Pittsburgh main campus, and is a Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Pittsburgh-based architects Rutan & Russell in the Beaux-Arts style of architecture, the Schenley Hotel catered to local and visiting well-to-do people. The University of Pittsburgh acquired the property in 1956.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Schenley</h3><br>
<p>This historic building, which was originally known as the Hotel Schenley, and designed by architects Rutan & Russell, opened in 1898. It became the keystone of entrepreneur Franklin Nicola’s dream of Oakland as a center for culture, art and education. Nicola had been instrumental in the formation of the Bellefield Company with the help of Andrew W. Mellon, Henry Clay Frick, Andrew Carnegie, George Westinghouse and H.J. Heinz, who were among the first stockholders to share Nicola’s vision for Oakland.</p><br>
<p>Nicola and his supporters oversaw construction of this beaux-arts structure on land that was once owned by fellow stockholder Mary Croghan Schenley.</p><br>
<p>The Schenley Hotel was Pittsburghs first large, steel-framed "skyscraper hotel." It was described as "Pittsburghs class hotel of the early 20th century".</p><br>
<h3>Famous guests</h3><br>
<p>Outfitted with marble accents, ornate chandeliers and Louis XV architecture, the Schenley quickly became the place to stay or eat in Pittsburgh for prominent travelers. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the guest register here, as did Eleanor Roosevelt. Diamond Jim Brady was one of its diners.</p><br>
<p>Actors Sarah Bernhardt, Nelson Eddy, Jeanette MacDonald, Henry Fonda, Katharine Hepburn, and Spencer Tracy all stayed at the Schenley. Singer-actress Lillian Russell lived in suite 437 and was married to Pittsburgh publisher Alexander Moore in the French Room (now a dining room on the first floor). Opera star Enrico Caruso and his entourage occupied seven suites during their stay. Italian tragedian Eleonora Duse succumbed to pneumonia in suite 524.</p><br>
<p>The Schenley was not just the place to stay in Pittsburgh as the twentieth century began, it was where the young ladies of society "came out," where couples married, and where one could dine on the "haute cuisine" of the day. It was also the place where Pittsburgh power brokers met; many planning discussions related to the birth of the USA Steel Corporation were held here.</p><br>
<p>Its formation was celebrated at the "Meal of Millionaires" in 1901. In 1914, Pittsburgh&#39;s Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) chapter was organized here. In 1967, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission dedicated a historical marker outside of union to commemorate the event.</p><br>
<p>1909 was a year that changed the Hotel Schenley forever. That summer, Forbes Field opened just down the street and the University of Pittsburgh moved from its Northside location to Oakland. From that time on, the "Waldorf of Pittsburgh" gradually became the home of the National League baseball players who were in town to play the Pittsburgh Pirates; students and faculty subsequently took their place among the Pittsburgh elite. Babe Ruth, Casey Stengel, Ty Cobb, and Rogers Hornsby all signed the guest register; baseball trades were finalized by club owners over dinner.</p><br>
<p>The Schenley continued to operate for more than forty years, albeit on a less grand scale. Surrounded by hospitals, educational facilities, concert halls, and private clubs with no parking to serve the hotels mobile guests by the 1950s, it also faced new competition from Pittsburghs Renaissance I.</p><br>
<h3>A part of Pitt</h3><br>
<p>In 1956, the then Schenley Park Hotel was sold to the University of Pittsburgh. The hotel underwent a $1 million ($ in dollars) renovation to convert it to university use. The top four floors first served as a men&#39;s dormitory called Schenley House while the rest of the building was purposed as a student union, which was named Schenley Hall.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after this, during the height of the cold war in September 1959, the Schenley Hall ballroom in the union was the site of a luncheon for Nikita Khrushchev, chairman of the Soviet Union, and various Soviet and USA officials, including Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. that was hosted by the University of Pittsburgh and Pitt Chancellor Edward Litchfield. The last stop on Khrushchev&#39;s eleven-day transcontinental tour prior to a three-day conference with President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the event was described by The New York Times as the warmest of the tour.</p><br>
<p>During the eighteen-month project and restoration, which was led by Williams Trebilcock Whitehead (now WTW Architects), seven upper floors were gutted to make way for modern offices for students and the student affairs administration. A tenth floor, which had been added several years after the hotel was first built, was removed to relieve stress on the building.</p><br>
<p>The turn-of-the-century character of the main floor was also restored through careful restoration of the Louis XV mirrored ballroom, as were the lower lounge that had enclosed the original Bigelow Boulevard-side porch thirteen years after the hotel was originally built, and the marbled-wall former hotel lobby, now called the Tansky Family Lounge, which includes the "stairway to nowhere," a remnant of a previous renovation. In addition, the rarely used basement was transformed into a functional lower level with a new Forbes Avenue Entrance and plaza.</p><br>
<p>The original wooden hotel room doors salvage from the upstairs renovation were used for the walls of the lower-level student recreation room, now called "Nordys Place," and a third west entrance facing the universitys Schenley Quadrangle and Litchfield Towers dormitories was added; that upgrade also included the addition of a new multi-level, glass-roofed atrium just inside the new entrance.</p><br>
<p>After the renovations were completed in 1983, the building was renamed as the William Pitt Union.</p><br>
<h2>Tragedies and legends</h2><br>
<p>On July 12, 1950, a hotel night guard shot and killed two men and wounded another.</p><br>
<p>A ghost story passed down among students begins with the tale of a visit by the Russian National Ballet, which booked accommodations in the historic Schenley Hotel prior to opening its tour of the United States in Pittsburgh. The prima ballerina, tired from travel, decided to rest before the premiere performance, drifted off, and slept through her curtain call and the whole of the performance. The companys director, either so incensed by her missing the premiere, or so impressed by the stage presence of her understudy, decided to replace the prima ballerina with a younger dancer for the remainder of the tour. Distraught by the change, the prima ballerina took her own life that night. It is now said that, if students fall asleep in the Tansky Family Lounge, also known as the Red Room, they always wake up just in time for whatever exam, class, meeting, appointment, etc. they may have missed because the prima ballerinas ghost makes sure they never succumb to her same fate.</p><br>
<p>Another tale tells of a haunting in the Lillian Russell Room, room 437 within the offices of The Pitt News, near Lillian Russell&#39;s former residence.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The William Pitt Union now serves as the student union and hub of the University of Pittsburgh and contains a variety of lounges, ballrooms, reception, performance, and meeting spaces. One of the most notable facilities is the Louis XV-style William Pitt Union Ballroom on the main floor, which features vaulted ceiling, mirrored walls, two grand crystal chandeliers, and detailed moldings and artwork that are faithful restored to the condition of the Hotel Schenley. Other formal rooms include the Kurtzman Room and lower atrium of the Tansky Family lounge on the main floor, as well as two dining rooms on the first floor. The Tansky Lounge itself is the restored grand lobby of the hotel. In addition, the William Pitt Union Assembly Room, the largest room on the main floor at 6,200 ft&sup2, contains a stage with theatrical lighting and serves as the facility&#39;s primary multi-purpose event space.</p><br>
<p>The William Pitt Union is also the home to the (dedicated in 1984), the C. M. Kimbo Art Gallery, a dance studio, meeting and conference rooms, university offices, and, on the lower level, a food court. The upper floors of the union serve as the primary location for the offices for more than three hundred student organizations, including the student newspaper, The Pitt News, the student radio station, WPTS and the student government.</p><br>
<p>The fourth floor is the site of the Lillian Russell Room of The Pitt News. It contains a portrait of Russell, a fireplace, stained glass fanlight and decorative moldings.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the recreation room on the ground floor of the union was renovated and by resolution of the Pitt Student Government Board, and was then renamed "Nordy&#39;s Place" in honor of Chancellor Mark Nordenberg. Gigs Game Center, outfitted with videogame hardware and software, is also located on the lower level.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, renovations to the second floor improved the accommodations of the student careers center and renovations to the fifth floor were completed to provide six new meeting spaces for student organizations, four of which with hard-surface flooring enabling groups to practice dance routines and other activities. In addition, a formal area was created for student organizations to host workshops and award presentations.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, a $2 million project was undertaken to renovate 9,200 ft&sup2; of space on the ninth floor. The renovation, completed in 2011, created a new student study and lounge area, a twenty-person conference room, a kitchen/coffee area, file/storage areas, and new offices for Residence Life, Pitt Arts and Student Volunteer Outreach.</p><br>
<p>A $1.93 million renovation of the Assembly Room, which included uncovering three large windows to allow in natural light, as well as a stage extension and technology upgrades, was completed in 2013. In addition, a $390,000 renovation of first floor restrooms and $1.85 million renovation of the lower levels of the union, including its food court and dining spaces, was completed that same year.</p><br>
<p>WPUAssemblyRoom.jpgThe Assembly Room, as seen prior to its 2013 renovations, holds a variety of large meetings and functions</p><br>
<p>Rincon Center is a complex of shops, restaurants, offices, and apartments in the South of Market neighborhood of Downtown San Francisco, California. It includes two buildings, one of which is the former Rincon Annex post office building, completed in 1940. Rincon Center occupies an entire city block near the Embarcadero, bounded by Mission, Howard, Spear, and Steuart Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Rincon Annex</h2><br>
<p>Southern Pacific (SP) originally purchased the land where the original Rincon Annex was completed, next to its headquarters for the extension of its rail line to downtown San Francisco, but the western terminus of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge interfered with the proposed site and the increasing usage of the automobile also reduced demand for SP&#39;s Peninsula Commute service. Groundbreaking on the site occurred on June 1, 1939, the building was completed by October 15, 1940, and the facility opened on October 26. The exterior is decorated with stone relief friezes of dolphins above the doorways and windows.</p><br>
<p>The original Rincon Annex building has a footprint of 330 by, with three floors and a half basement. The first floor interior has ceilings that are 25 ft high; the large L-shaped lobby is 208 ft long (for the portion parallel to Mission) and 34 ft long (parallel to Spear). The third floor was used for employee lounge areas, dressing rooms, and offices. At its peak, there were 1,000 to 1,500 Postal Service employees working simultaneously in the building; air conditioning was installed in 1958 to reduce interior temperatures.</p><br>
<p>The first expansion of Rincon Annex occurred between 1959 and 1960 on the southeast side of the block to handle mail intake and distribution; automated mail sorting machinery was installed in 1963, 1966, and 1966–78. The United States Postal Service (USPS) was spun off as a government corporation in 1972 and because it was less efficient to sort mail in a multilevel facility, the USPS began negotiations to move the mail sorting facility from Rincon Annex to India Basin Park in 1976; the move was completed by 1979. The Rincon Annex building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places the same year.</p><br>
<h3>Murals</h3><br>
<p>The interior of the lobby (parallel to the Mission and Spear street facades) features the History of San Francisco mural series, comprising 27 tempera-on-gesso murals painted by the Russian immigrant artist Anton Refregier from 1941 to 1948 under the Section of Painting and Sculpture of the United States Department of the Treasury. The murals, in the social realism style, depict the history of California and San Franciscos role in it. As they were completed immediately following World War II, they generated fierce controversies. Refregiers detractors criticized his artistic style and questioned his political leanings. The controversy eventually reached the USA Congress, where critics called for the murals to be destroyed. The murals led to the preservation of the post office lobby as part of the Rincon Center development.</p><br>
<h2>1980s expansion</h2><br>
<p>In 1978, the United States Postal Service announced it would move the mail sorting facilities from Rincon Annex to a larger building at India Basin, and the Rincon Annex Post Office was shut down by 1979. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors subsequently adopted the Rincon Point – South Beach Project Area Redevelopment Plan on January 5, 1981, which provided controls for land use, development standards, and urban design guidelines for the area including Rincon Annex. Specific Rincon Annex controls were adopted on October 18, 1983, and the USPS entered a 65-year lease with Rincon Center Associates, a partnership headed by Perini Land & Development Company, to develop the former Rincon Annex.</p><br>
<p>The original building and site was developed into a mixed-use center by Rincon Center Associates; the design was approved on August 20, 1985.</p><br>
<p>Two new stories of offices were added to top of the original Rincon Annex building, which was also opened up to create a five-story atrium in the rear courtyard, topped by a 200 ft long skylight with a food court on the lower level. A new mixed-use building on the southeast side of the block contains a new post office, offices, and 320 apartments in twin 23-story towers rising from the commercial levels. The base or commercial podium of the new building is six stories tall. After the completion of Rincon Center, the parcel was divided into four lots: the original Rincon Annex, the commercial "podium" of the new building, the new postal facility, and the residential towers of the new building.</p><br>
<p>The USPS transferred its ownership of three of the four lots to BRE/Rincon Land LLC in 1999, retaining ownership of the new postal facility only. The buildings were subsequently sold to Beacon Capital Partners in July 2006 for $275 million, and the apartments were sold to Capital Properties in June 2007 for $143 million. Beacon had been planning to convert the apartments to condominiums prior to the sale. Capital Properties took a two-year, $110 million loan from Bear Stearns to fund its purchase; in the wake of that bank&#39;s collapse during the Great Recession, the debt was acquired by Carmel Partners, which foreclosed on Capital Properties and took over the residences. In 2010, Capital Properties filed an unsuccessful lawsuit to have the property returned. Beacon Capital sold its remaining interest in Rincon Center to Hudson Pacific in April 2011.</p><br>
<p>Until the COVID-19 pandemic, San Francisco City Guides led walking tours of the Rincon Annex murals. Because of the pandemic, retail space in the atrium became significantly less viable, and the historic nature of the original Rincon Annex lobby meant the atrium could not be opened to the street to facilitate customer traffic. San Francisco approved an amendment to the redevelopment plan to allow the ground floor retail space to be used as offices in December 2020.</p><br>
<h3>Tenants</h3><br>
<p>Corporate tenants in Rincon Center have included AIG and Salesforce, which moved in 2018 to Salesforce Tower, replaced by Twilio.</p><br>
<h3>Restaurants</h3><br>
<p>Notable restaurants in Rincon Center include Etrusca (1990–93, operated by the Il Fornaio restaurant group) and Yank Sing (1999–present).</p><br>
<h3>Artwork</h3><br>
<p>The Rain Cloud installation art work in the atrium was designed by the contemporary artist Doug Hollis and consisted of a continuous 85 ft column of water drops falling from an eight-foot by eight-foot acrylic glass box at ceiling level perforated with 4,000 holes. It was removed in an early 2020s renovation that also removed an Art Deco-inspired frieze by Richard Haas on recent California history from the atrium and installed vegetated panels.</p><br>
<h3>Rincon Annex Post Office</h3><br>
<h3>History of San Francisco murals in Annex lobby</h3><br>
<h3>Rincon Center commercial building (1988)</h3><br>
<p>Evelyn College for Women, often shortened to Evelyn College, was the coordinate womens college of Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey between 1887 and 1897. It was the first womens college in the State of New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Evelyn was founded by clergyman Joshua Hall McIlvaine, a Princeton alumnus and former professor at the institution. He named the college after Sir John Evelyn and was able to recruit most of Princeton&#39;s most noted faculty members, including Woodrow Wilson and Henry Fine, to teach at the college. Helen Magill White, the first woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D., also taught at Evelyn. It was located in two buildings: 7-8 Evelyn Place, a circa 1880 Queen Anne Victorian style structure known as "The Pines" (now two private residences), and a Colonial style building on the southwest corner of Nassau and Harrison Streets. 8 Evelyn Place was home to former Borough of Princeton Mayor Barbara Boggs Sigmund and her family for 45 years. In 2021, Number 8 was featured by the Historical Society of Princeton as part of its annual House Tour.</p><br>
<h2>Student body</h2><br>
<p>The Evelyn student body was never composed of more than 50 students in one year and was made up primarily of the daughters of faculty members and sisters of male undergraduates. The women called themselves The Orange and the White, a reference to the colors of the university.</p><br>
<p>With a 50-to-1 ratio of men to women at Princeton, Evelyn students were subject to considerable harassment from their male counterparts. Police were employed to keep the men off the Evelyn campus, though the male students would still stand outside the gates chanting for the women to let them inside. Princeton and Evelyn students were rumored to have trysts in abandoned houses, a reputation which caused some families to ban their daughters from attending.</p><br>
<h2>Reputation and closure</h2><br>
<p>In 1896, Harpers Bazaar published an article about the college, noting that "n the most conservative town, in the most conservative state, right under the shadow of Nassau Hall, a womens college has evolved" and that the day would come when "our country shall...speak with equal pride of the sons and daughters of Princeton."</p><br>
<p>However, the college fell on hard times financially after the Panic of 1893 and struggled to keep enrollment up. It closed permanently in 1897 after McIlvaine&#39;s death. Women were not permitted to enroll at Princeton again until 1969, when the university became coeducational.</p><br>
<p>Brucemore, a park-like, 26 acre estate in the heart of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, is the site of a Queen Anne-style mansion, formal gardens, a childrens garden, night garden, pond, orchard, and woodland. Built between 1884 and 1886 by Caroline Sinclair, widow of pioneer industrialist T.M. Sinclair, Brucemore has been home to three prominent families who used the estate as a center for culture and the arts. Brucemore, whose name alludes to the Scottish moors of the second owners ancestral home, is Iowa&#39;s only National Trust Historic Site and is preserved by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in co-stewardship with Brucemore, Inc. Under the name of the T.M. Sinclair Mansion, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The mansion has three stories, and contains twenty-one rooms. Distinctive features include a steeply gabled roof, five chimneys, and several turrets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brucemore is the story of three wealthy families: industrialists, entrepreneurs, philanthropists, boosters, neighbors, and friends. The men created great fortunes: Thomas Sinclair in meatpacking; George Bruce Douglas in starch processing; and Howard Hall in manufacturing. However, the women of Brucemore are at the heart of the story; Caroline Sinclair built the mansion; Irene Douglas transformed it to a country estate; and Margaret Hall gave it to the National Trust.</p><br>
<h3>The Sinclairs (1886–1906)</h3><br>
<p>In 1871, Thomas McElderry and Caroline Soutter Sinclair moved to Cedar Rapids from New York City. Thomas started a meatpacking business, the T.M. Sinclair & Co., which became the city&#39;s largest business. Sinclair died in an 1881 accident at the plant, leaving Caroline to bring up their six children, the youngest aged just six months. In 1884, Caroline Sinclair purchased land that was then beyond the city limits and started to build a Queen Anne-style mansion she named "Fairhome."</p><br>
<p>The home was designed by Maximillian Allardt, an Indianapolis architect. When his daughter fell ill, Allardt left the job, and Henry Josselyn and Eugene Taylor continued where he left off. The original plan for the house included a great hall, eight bathrooms, nine bedrooms, fourteen fireplaces, and a grand staircase. Sinclair added a conservatory to the south side of the house.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1886 for $55,000, the home was described as "the grandest house west of Chicago" to the local paper.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, when all her children had grown, Caroline traded homes with George Bruce Douglas, and moved to 800 Second Ave SE.</p><br>
<h3>The Douglases (1906–1937)</h3><br>
<p>George Bruce Douglas was a partner in his fathers business, the Quaker Oats Company. George moved into the home with his wife Irene, and daughters Margaret and Ellen and renamed it Brucemore. Irene was an amateur bookbinder and bound many of the books currently found in the houses library, such as 40 volumes of William Shakespeares plays and poems. Under Georges direction, the size of the property was increased to 33 acre, and several buildings were constructed, including a guesthouse, greenhouse, carriage house, squash court, and servants quarters. He also moved the entrance to the south side. The interior was also upgraded, with exposed ceiling beams and butternut paneling added to the great hall. This expansion cost over $30,000 and was designed by Howard Van Doren Shaw, a Chicago architect known for his North Shore mansions. In the 1920s, a mural was added that showed the story of "The Ring of the Nibelung" from Richard Wagner. A 714-pipe organ from the Skinner company was added to the third floor. In 1925, Grant Wood designed a sleeping porch which was added to the house. In 1927, a swimming pool was added. In 1929, Irene embarked on a major redecoration project. She enlisted the help of Elizabeth Eleanor DArcy Gaw, who selected the bird-themed wall paper in the third floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, George died. Fourteen years later, Irene followed him and willed the home to their oldest daughter Margaret.</p><br>
<h3>The Halls (1937–1981)</h3><br>
<p>Margaret Douglas married Howard Hall in 1924. The couple lived on the Brucemore grounds, residing in the Garden House from the start of their marriage until the death of Margaret&#39;s mother. While they lived there, they sold off some of the property, reducing the estate to its current 26 acre. They also enclosed the western porch, and added picture windows to the master bedroom, the library, and the dining room. In two of their more unusual enhancements to the house, the Halls added two basement recreation rooms, "The Tahitian Room", and a "Grizzly Bar". The Tahitian room is designed to resemble a tropical island, including a faux hut roof, and a switch that can create artificial rain. The Grizzly room is decorated like a Wild West or Alaskan saloon.</p><br>
<p>The Halls kept several pets on the property, including two German shepherds, a monkey and several birds. But their most famous pets were three lions, all named Leo. Jackie, the lion that roars at the beginning of MGM movies, is related to one of the Leos. One of the lions as well as 20 dogs are buried in the pet cemetery near the gardens.</p><br>
<p>All of Brucemore&#39;s residents used their wealth and standing to promote the community that had supported them. When Margaret died in 1981, she bequeathed Brucemore to the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h3>Community cultural center</h3><br>
<p>Today, Brucemore is a hub of cultural, philanthropic, and educational activities, welcoming 40,000 people each year to a variety of events, including festivals, concerts, tours, garden programs, children and family activities, outdoor theater, and more.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church, at Zero Garden Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. Built in 1760–61, it was designated a National Historic Landmark as one of the few buildings unambiguously attributable to Peter Harrison, the first formally trained architect to work in the British colonies.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1759 by members of the Kings Chapel who lived in Cambridge to have a church closer to their homes and to provide Church of England services to students at Harvard College across Cambridge Common. The churchs first rector was East Apthorp, and most of the founding members lived along the nearby Tory Row, now called Brattle Street.</p><br>
<p>The church was designed by noted colonial era architect Peter Harrison, who also designed the King&#39;s Chapel in Boston, and is one of a small number of surviving buildings attributable to him. It is built in Georgian style. Its wooden frame rests on a granite foundation built from ballast stones from ships arriving at Boston Harbor. The church was originally finished in a sanded paint treatment to give the appearance of a traditional English stone church.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolution Christ Church was attacked by dissenting colonials for its Tory leanings, but it was also the site of a prayer service which George and Martha Washington attended while quartered in the nearby mansion now known as Longfellow House–Washington&#39;s Headquarters National Historic Site. The church was closed, and its organ melted down for bullets during the Revolution.</p><br>
<p>For several years after the American Revolution, the church stood empty. In the later years of the eighteenth century the church was re-opened as an Episcopal Church and has remained so. The original chapel was expanded in 1857 to accommodate a larger congregation and to help raise funds for the church by expanding pew rental income. The church was dramatically redecorated in 1883, but it was restored to its original simplicity in 1920.</p><br>
<p>Generations of Harvard students from Richard Henry Dana Jr., author of Two Years Before the Mast, to Teddy Roosevelt (having taught Sunday School there for more than 3 years, the young Roosevelt, a Presbyterian, eventually departed after being told he could not continue unless he became an Episcopalian) have made Christ Church their parish home during their studies.</p><br>
<p>The church was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>To the east adjacent to the church at the corner of Garden Street and Massachusetts Avenue is a separate historic landmark known as the Old Burying Ground, not affiliated with the chapel or any other church; it pre-dates the present church by over a century.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church has a long history of social activism, supporting the civil rights movement, the peace movement, and ministries of social justice. In April 1967 the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and Doctor Benjamin Spock were denied access to a building at Harvard University to hold a press conference denouncing the Vietnam War, but the Reverend Murray Kenney welcomed them to Christ Church; a plaque in the parish hall commemorates the event. Another activist to speak at Christ Church was Jesse Jackson, who spoke as part of a Martin Luther King Jr. celebration in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Castle in the Clouds  is a 16-room mansion and 5,294 acre mountaintop estate in Moultonborough, New Hampshire, opened seasonally to the public by the Castle Preservation Society. It overlooks Lake Winnipesaukee and the Ossipee Mountains from a rocky outcropping of Lee Mountain formerly known as "The Crow&#39;s Nest".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was built in 1913–1914 in the Craftsman style by the millionaire shoe manufacturer Thomas Gustave Plant (1859–1941) for his second wife, Olive Cornelia Dewey. He named the estate Lucknow for unknown reasons. He had no known connection to Lucknow in India. A poem by Olive reads "In the twilit hall, by the open fire / Each one agrees, Im in Luck Now at last", suggesting that it was a play on words. The property was assembled from the private Ossipee Mountain Park, an observation area called the Crow&#39;s Nest, and a variety of other lodges and buildings. He razed the structures and built the mansion, a stable/garage, gatehouses, a greenhouse, farm buildings, and a golf course. The property eventually extended to 6,300 acre.</p><br>
<p>Designed by the prominent Boston architect J. Williams Beal (assisted by his sons John W. Beal and Horatio Beal), the house included many innovations which were rare at the time, including a circular shower, interlocking kitchen tiles, and a central vacuum system. The interiors were designed by Irving & Casson-A.H. Davenport. Bronze and tile work were by William Jackson & Company; electric fixtures by Edward F. Caldwell & Co. and glass by Tiffany.</p><br>
<p>After Plant lost his money in a series of bad investments in the 1930s, the house was foreclosed upon, but his creditors allowed him to stay in the mansion until his death, and the furnishings remained with the house. Plant died in 1941, and the property was purchased by Fred C. Tobey to log its hardwoods and serve as a family summer home. The estate was sold to Richard and Donald Robie in 1956, who opened it as a tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>Castle in the Clouds is today owned and operated by the Castle Preservation Society, a private 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation. The Castle, Carriage House, gift shop, art gallery and Cafe and Patio are open to the public from late May to early October. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018. On December 13, 2024, it was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Webb Horton House is a 40-room mansion in Middletown, New York, United States, designed by local architect Frank Lindsey. Built from 1902 to 1906 as a private residence, since the late 1940s it has been part of the campus of SUNY Orange. This building is now known as Morrison Hall, after the last private owner, and houses the college&#39;s main administrative offices. A nearby service complex has also been kept and is used for classrooms and other college functions.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is a combination of styles and materials that has been altered very little during over its history. In 1990 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was designed by Frank J. Lindsey, a local carpenter turned architect, for Horton, a Delaware County native who had built a fortune starting from a Narrowsburg tanning business, later benefiting from an oil strike in Sheffield, Pennsylvania. The Horton family had been living in an older house on the property since the 1880s, slowly acquiring the land for the estate house.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the main building was begun in 1902, when Webb was 76, and completed in 1906, reportedly at a cost of a million dollars ($ in contemporary dollars). Horton died in 1908, reportedly never having spent a night in the house. His wife died two years later, and by 1918 both their children had died without marrying or otherwise leaving heirs.</p><br>
<p>Before he succumbed to the flu in 1918, Eugene Horton, the last to die, had acquired the land for the service complex. He hired another local architect, David Hastings Canfield, to design the outbuildings. In addition to the current complex, there was a conservatory and hothouse on the site, as well as a frame house facing East Conkling. In 1911 the Horton children had bought the house at South and East Conkling, later tearing it down for the sunken garden.</p><br>
<p>Eugene Horton willed the estate to his cousin and employee, John Morrison. Morrison, a farmer, reluctantly took care of the estate until his death in 1946. He made few changes to the property.</p><br>
<p>Morrisons will left the estate to Horton Hospital (also named after the houses first resident) in Middletown, with his wife Christine granted life tenancy. When the founders of Orange County Community College approached her in the late 1940s, she was willing to sell, but did not have the legal right since her husbands will had already disposed of the property. The hospital was not willing to sell at that time since it had planned to do so upon Mrs. Morrisons death in the hope of getting the best possible price to pay down its debt. The community raised $480,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) to that end, and the hospital released its claim.</p><br>
<p>The first classes were held in 1950 in the garage/stable building, now called Horton Hall. While many more modern buildings have been developed on the campus, the mansion, stables, and other outbuildings are still used for educational, administrative, and custodial purposes. The college has made a few changes: converting one of the upper balconies to an office, enclosing the porches, and putting in new vestibule doors. Other than that, the buildings have retained their integrity.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house sits on a low hilltop on South Street between East Conkling and Grand View avenues in the southwest quadrant of the city. It has a view to the southeast. The five-acre (2 ha) lot that was originally the mansion property is now part of the college campus, but it still has its original curvilinear road and path system as well as four contributing outbuildings. On the north (rear) of the house is its original 1.7 acre lawn, sloping gently down toward Wawayanda Creek behind the college. That lawn now serves as the college&#39;s main quad.</p><br>
<p>The college campus surrounds the house on three sides, with a large modern building called Hudson Hall immediately to the east. A 6½-foot–high (2 m) stone and iron fence, ornamented with scrolls and the initials "WH" on the main gate, screens the house from South Street and the parking lots across it. Large, mature trees grow around the house. The neighborhood around the campus is residential.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The house has load-bearing walls sided in rock-faced marble tied into its steel frame. It is 118 ft long and 80 ft wide. It rises two stories above a high basement, with all windows protected by cast and wrought iron grilles, to steeply pitched hipped roofs surfaced in green ceramic tile and pierced by ornate dormer windows. Three-story towers rise on the front and rear facades.</p><br>
<p>There are four separate sections to the front facade. At the south corner, the tower&#39;s three bays form a porch on the first story. On the two above, each bay has a pair of windows separated by a Corinthian pier. The conical roof has three dormers, each gabled, decorated with marble in a shell motif and topped with a finial. They contain one window flanked by pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The porch continues onto the main facade&#39;s two bays. On the first floor, the northern bay serves as the main entrance. It is topped with a carved cartouche consisting of the WH monogram, ribbons, fruits and oak leaves. The door is flanked with marble panels carved with vases, foliage and bellflowers. The windows have a Corinthian column at each side and egg-and-dart molded lintels. The porch is floored in a pale gray mosaic with a darker gray border.</p><br>
<p>The second story of this section has three windows, each separated by Corinthian piers. Above it is a molded stone cornice and frieze, carved in foliage and flowers, which extends around the towers. The windows are complemented by two dormers similar to, but larger than, the tower dormers.</p><br>
<p>The next three bays have a single window on the first and second story with cartouches at the lintels. Above the second story is a wide frieze with cornucopia, shells, torches, flowers and other foliage. At the third story is an open balcony. Its openings are similar to those on the first story&#39;s porch. Above it is a frieze similar to the one on the tower, a molded stone cornice, three dormers and a hipped roof with a conical top over the bay. A tall, paneled chimney marks the intersection of the conical and hipped roofs.</p><br>
<p>The third section, two bays wide, has a similar treatment to the entrance section. Each bay has three windows, added later. The two dormers in the hipped roof are similar to those at the entrance.</p><br>
<p>A terrace connects the southeast and northeast facades. It has a stone balustrade and other similar treatments to the porches on the southeast facade. Atop, a chimney rises from between two dormers.</p><br>
<p>At the other end of the northeast facade, with fenestration similar to the rest of the house, is a flat-roofed balustraded porch, now enclosed. It has similar treatments to the doors and windows on the southeast facade.</p><br>
<p>The northwest facade is as complex as the southeast. Its roofline is marked by four chimneys and dormers similar to the others. In the center is a projecting curved section, three bays wide, three and a half stories high, similar to the one opposite with a balcony. On the south of the facade is a porte cochère of marble, with opening treatments similar to the porches. At the top of its stairs is an iron and glass vestibule with intricate carved cartouches, scrolls, foliage and circles. Above this entrance, on the second story, is a pictorial stained glass window attributed to the Tiffany studio.</p><br>
<p>On the western corner, a terrace begins. It wraps around the corner to become a porch running the length of the southwest facade. Atop its entire length is a stone balustrade. Above it is a hipped roof with two chimneys, both flanked by dormers.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>All the stories still have their original central-hall interior plan. The main entrance leads into it via a paneled vestibule. The major rooms are off to the south, including the circular salon, linked to the stained oak library by pocket doors. Both incorporate many rococo relief designs.</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the hall is a large carved wooden fireplace with onyx trim. A small room next to it leads to the dining room, with a beamed ceiling, and kitchen. On the west side, a short flight of stairs leads to the porte-cochère and a large mahogany stair to the second floor. The stained glass window lights the landing.</p><br>
<p>The stairway ends in a curved balustrade on the second floor hall, done in Circassian walnut. This level was given over originally to bedrooms for the family and guests. The rooms in the tower were used as a solarium. The third floor hallway is more open and was, according to the Horton family, used as a ballroom. The large room to the south was originally a billiard room. Another bedroom was located to the north, with the top room in the tower serving as a trophy room. Its ceiling, right under the tower&#39;s conical roof, is ornamented with ribs and Moorish Revival relief designs.</p><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>A service complex enclosed by cobblestone walls is located to the northeast. The largest building is Horton Hall, an L-shaped garage/carriage house with upstairs apartment on the north of the complex. It is sided in large, irregularly cut masonry which may be artificial aggregate or lava stone. Its hipped roof, pierced with gabled dormers, is covered in flat green ceramic tile. Inside the first floor has been converted to office space, but it retains some of the original finishes.</p><br>
<p>On the south end of the garage/stable is a corral for the horses. To the southwest is a one-story toolhouse similar to the garage. It was also used as an icehouse. Today it houses several transformers.</p><br>
<p>South of Horton Hall is functioning glass greenhouse on stone foundation, a second greenhouse foundation was converted into classroom/lab space, now known as the Devitt Center for Botany and Horticulture. Between them is a pergola. There is also a small, sunken garden on the grounds of Horton Hall.</p><br>
<p>There was originally a sunken garden to the southwest of Morrison Hall, which is now the site of the Library. The stones from the old sunken garden are stacked on the Horton Hall grounds.</p><br>
<h3>Aesthetics</h3><br>
<p>The Webb Horton House is typical of the country seats built by the wealthy of late 19th-century America, though in an urban or suburban setting. It shows the influence of Artistic Country-Seats, an 1887 pattern book by George William Sheldon, which had houses with many different rooms.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s massive form shows the influence of several contemporary architectural styles. The masonry exterior is a Richardsonian Romanesque touch, the complicated roofline is in accord with the Queen Anne Style, and the classically inspired decorations a nod to the Beaux-Arts mode.</p><br>
<p>The Ernie Pyle House/Library is a historic house at 900 Girard Boulevard, SE in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Built in 1940, it was the home of famed war correspondent Ernie Pyle from then until his untimely death in 1945 during World War II. It now serves as a branch of the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Library, containing Pyle memorabilia and a monument to Pyle. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Ernie Pyle House is located in southern Albuquerque, at the southeast corner of Girard Boulevard and Santa Monica Avenue. It is an architecturally undistinguished single-story ranch house, with a hip roof and wide clapboard siding. Decorative touches that are original to its construction include some wrought iron railings. The houses attached garage exhibits a conversion to a guest bedroom done under Ernie Pyles ownership of the house in 1941. The southern boundary of the property is lined by a picket fence built by Pyle, and occasionally mentioned in his correspondence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pyle and his wife, Jerry, had this house built in 1940 after years of roving the country as a columnist for Scripps-Howard Newspapers. Pyle was born in Indiana, but chose Albuquerque for a home after visiting many times and developing, in Pyle&#39;s words, "a deep, unreasoning affection" for New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Pyle&#39;s dispatches from military theaters overseas, which focused on the war through the experiences of front-line infantry soldiers, were read avidly by millions during World War II. He was the recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for distinguished war correspondence in 1944. Some of his columns mentioned the "little white house and picket fence" back in Albuquerque.</p><br>
<p>Pyle was killed by enemy gunfire on the island of Ie Shima in 1945; his wife Geraldine died later that year. The City of Albuquerque acquired the house from the Pyle Estate in 1948 and converted it into its first branch library.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Ernie Pyle Library houses a small collection of adult and children&#39;s books, as well as Pyle memorabilia and archives. Although the house is an active branch library, its appearance as a home was carefully preserved. Both the interior room configuration and the landscaping, even the picket fence built by Pyle and the grave marker of his dog, Cheetah, have been preserved. It is visited by thousands of people every year from throughout the world.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 22, 1997, and designated a National Historic Landmark on September 20, 2006.</p><br>
<p>The El Tovar Hotel, also known simply as El Tovar, is a former Harvey House hotel situated directly on the south rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, United States.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was designed by Charles Whittlesey, Chief Architect for the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway and was opened in 1905 as one of a chain of hotels and restaurants owned and operated by the Fred Harvey Company in conjunction with the Santa Fe railway whose Grand Canyon Depot was 100 metres (330 ft) away. It is at the northern terminus of the Grand Canyon Railway, which was formerly a branch of the Santa Fe Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is one of only a handful of former Harvey House facilities that are still in operation, and is an early example of the style that would evolve into National Park Service Rustic architecture. It has been a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, since 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel opened in 1905, before the Grand Canyon was a formally protected Federal park, soon after President Theodore Roosevelt&#39;s 1903 visit to the canyon. During that visit, Roosevelt said about the Grand Canyon:</p><br>
<p>I want to ask you to do one thing in connection with it in your own interest and in the interest of the country – to keep this great wonder of nature as it is now...I hope you will not have a building of any kind, not a summer cottage, a hotel or anything else, to mar the wonderful grandeur, the sublimity, the great loveliness and beauty of the Canyon. Leave it as it is. You cannot improve upon it.</p><br>
<p>The hotel, which had been under design since 1902, was built the next year and opened in January 1905. The Grand Canyon Game Preserve was established by Roosevelt&#39;s executive order in 1906, expanding protections granted by President Benjamin Harrison in 1893. The Grand Canyon National Monument was proclaimed in 1908, and Grand Canyon National Park was finally established by Congress in 1919</p><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Railway initially planned for a relatively small hotel, but increased the size in view of increasing traffic to the Grand Canyon. The site was an area of 20 acre granted by the USA Government for use as a train terminal. The design was carried out by the railroads architect Charles Whittlesey, of Topeka, Kansas and was projected to cost $250,000 to build. Rejecting an initial plan to call it the "Bright Angel Tavern", the tradition of using Spanish names for Harvey House hotels was continued for the new hotel. Since the name of the canyons discoverer, García López de Cárdenas, was given to an existing Harvey Hotel, the hotel was named after Pedro de Tovar, who had reported rumors of a large river in the area, inspiring the Cárdenas expedition.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was built as a "destination resort", providing a high level of comfort and luxury standing literally on the edge of the wilderness, 20 ft from the rim of the canyon. The El Tovar was one of the first such hotels in national parks, part of a trend in which railroads would build large hotels in newly-accessible scenic locations like Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks, stimulating necessarily railborne tourist traffic to those destinations. The railroads consciously employed architectural design in keeping with the image they wished to convey: a superficially rustic resort offering a comfortable retreat.</p><br>
<p>Roosevelt returned to stay at the El Tovar in 1911, and again in 1913, writing a book about his 1913 trip.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel was featured in the 1983 film, National Lampoon&#39;s Vacation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The El Tovar was built from local limestone and Oregon pine. The lower portions of the building are mainly of log construction, yielding to lighter, smoother framed construction sheathed with planking for the upper levels. The roof is covered in shingles. The hotel is of variable height, with a two-story central portion, a north wing three stories tall, and a four-story south wing, the result of sloping land. A basement underlies the complex. The central section is 218 ft long with a basement and main floor, with an axis running roughly parallel with the canyon rim. The lobby, behind a broad entry veranda, extends to four stories topped with a turret with a pyramidal roof. The guest room wings extend from this central section at a shallow angle, with their top floors extending only partway, creating roof decks. The third floor exterior is treated as a mansard, with projecting dormers with shallow gables. The hotel&#39;s entrance is on the side of the building with the canyon to the left, at a right angle to the railroad terminal directly across the street. The north wing runs toward the canyon, almost to its edge, ending in a porch overlooking the canyon. The south wing runs away from the canyon, ending in a semi-octagonal space once called the "grotto.". The dining room is to the rear of the lobby, with views of the canyon through its windows. Additions to this section of the building for kitchen and service areas have gradually expanded its footprint.</p><br>
<p>The eclectic character of the El Tovar&#39;s exterior is magnified on the interior, where the rustic Western-Swiss theme collides with elements of the Mission style, accented with Arts and Crafts Movement furnishings and southwestern Indian accents and motifs. The central "rotunda" of the lobby features Swiss-inspired cutout wood railings framed by peeled log posts, all varnished a dark brown, set against Southwestern-pattern carpets. A breakfast room was described in early promotional literature as "tastefully decorated in fifteenth-century style" while other areas had "trophies of the chase." Relatively few of these original decorations remain, with a greater present emphasis on Southwestern themes. Many of the original Arts and Crafts furniture pieces have been replaced or dispersed.</p><br>
<p>There were originally 103 guest rooms and 21 guest bathrooms, now 78 guest rooms, all with private bath. Rooms arranged on either side of central corridors through the wings. A large-scale renovation was completed in 1983, in which the original paired wood casement windows were replaced with dark brown anodized aluminum units, with decorative mullions on the single-light units.</p><br>
<p>El Tovar Grand Canyon Village 09 2017 5320.jpgEl Tovar location at the Grand Canyon south rim</p><br>
<h2>Historic Designations</h2><br>
<p>The El Tovar was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1974. The hotel is a major component of the Grand Canyon Village Historic District, which encompasses the historic portions of the South Rim development, including visitor attractions designed by Mary Colter, the Bright Angel Lodge and significant Park Service support facilities, typically designed in a consistent rustic style. The NRHP-listed El Tovar Stables are nearby.</p><br>
<p>Pupin Physics Laboratories, also known as Pupin Hall, is home to the physics and astronomy departments of Columbia University in New York City. The building is located on the south side of 120th Street, just east of Broadway. In 1965, Pupin was named a National Historic Landmark for its association with experiments relating to the splitting of the atom, achieved in connection with the later Manhattan Project. In 2009 the American Physical Society named Pupin Hall a historic site and honored Isidor Isaac Rabi for his work in the field of magnetic resonance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pupin Hall was built in 1925–1927 to provide more space for the Physics Department which had originally been housed in Fayerweather Hall. In 1935, it was renamed after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin (also known as Michael I. Pupin), a Serbian scientist and graduate of Columbia. Returning to the university&#39;s engineering school as a faculty member, he played a key role in establishing the department of electrical engineering. Pupin was also a brilliant inventor, developing methods for rapid x-ray photography and the "Pupin coil," a device for increasing the range of long-distance telephones. After his death in 1935, the university trustees named the newly constructed physics building the "Pupin Physics Laboratories" in his honor.</p><br>
<p>By 1931, the building which later became Pupin Hall was a leading research center. During this time Harold Urey (Nobel laureate in Chemistry) discovered deuterium and George B. Pegram was investigating the phenomena associated with the newly discovered neutron. In 1938, Enrico Fermi escaped fascist Italy after winning the Nobel prize for his work on induced radioactivity. In fact, he took his wife and children with him to Stockholm and immediately emigrated to New York. Shortly after arriving he began working at Columbia University with Dr. John Dunning. His work on nuclear fission, together with I. I. Rabis work on atomic and molecular physics, ushered in a golden era of fundamental research at the university. One of the countrys first cyclotrons was built in the basement of Pupin Hall by John R. Dunning, where it remained until 2007. The buildings historic significance was secured with the first splitting of a uranium atom in the United States, which was achieved by Enrico Fermi in Pupin Hall on January 25, 1939, just 10 days after the worlds first such successful experiment, carried out in Copenhagen, Denmark.</p><br>
<h2>Advances in research</h2><br>
<p>The building is a landmark due to the advances in nuclear research made there during the Manhattan Project to develop the first nuclear weapon. It is connected to the university tunnels, from which one can occasionally access the Manhattan Projects leftover cyclotron and other historic research facilities. Many of these have been sealed off since the 1980s, when Ken Hechtman wrought havoc with nuclear materials he stole from Pupins basement.</p><br>
<p>Other discoveries and breakthroughs achieved in Pupin, or by scientists who were faculty at Pupin at the time of discovery include:</p><br>
<p>The discovery of deuterium by Harold Urey</p><br>
<p>The investigation of neutron phenomena by George Pegram</p><br>
<p>The construction of one of the country&#39;s first cyclotrons</p><br>
<p>January 25, 1939: the first splitting of a uranium atom in the United States, by Enrico Fermi</p><br>
<p>The 1947 measurements by Willis Lamb of the Lamb shift, and by Polykarp Kusch of the electron&#39;s anomalous magnetic dipole moment, both of which were instrumental in the development of Quantum Electrodynamics and Quantum Field Theory.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of parity violation mediated via the weak force by Chien-Shiung Wu in the famous Wu experiment, and theoretical description by Tsung-Dao Lee and Yang Chen-Ning</p><br>
<p>The theoretical conception of the laser by Charles H. Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.</p><br>
<h2>Features and layout quirks</h2><br>
<p>The current main entrance to Pupin is on the 5th floor from the plaza above Dodge Physical Fitness Center. This means that many of the seminar rooms in Pupin on floors 2-4, while above ground, are below campus level and, therefore, windowless. The original entryway was on the first floor from the Grove, but got blocked by the construction of Dodge in the 1960s. Uris Pool has an exit stairway leading into Pupin&#39;s entry.</p><br>
<p>The Rutherfurd Observatory is on top of Pupin. The Astronomy Department hosts bi-monthly Public Observing Nights, and serves the Tri-State area in hosting people interested in observing with an optical telescope.</p><br>
<p>The Center for Theoretical Physics, which opened in 2016, is on the ninth floor of Pupin and offers a modern office space covered in blackboards. As Brian Greene put it, "the center space is designed to encourage interactions among faculty and students.”</p><br>
<p>The bust of Mihajlo Pupin is displayed near the main entrance. It is the artwork of Ivan Meštrović from the early 20th century, made as a personal gift from the sculptor to Pupin.</p><br>
<h2>Notable faculty and students</h2><br>
<p>I. I. Rabi</p><br>
<p>Enrico Fermi</p><br>
<p>R. A. Millikan</p><br>
<p>Chien-Shiung Wu</p><br>
<p>Julian Schwinger</p><br>
<p>Polykarp Kusch</p><br>
<p>Willis Lamb</p><br>
<p>Tsung-Dao Lee</p><br>
<p>Charles H. Townes</p><br>
<p>Arthur Leonard Schawlow</p><br>
<p>Horst Ludwig Störmer</p><br>
<p>Tony Heinz</p><br>
<p>Malvin Ruderman</p><br>
<p>Norman Christ</p><br>
<p>Alfred Mueller</p><br>
<p>Allan Blaer</p><br>
<p>Boris Altshuler</p><br>
<p>Elena Aprile</p><br>
<p>Rachel Rosen</p><br>
<p>Brian Greene</p><br>
<p>The Old Colony History Museum  is located at 66 Church Green in Taunton, Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States.</p><br>
<p>Since 1926, the museum has occupied the historic former Bristol Academy school building. The building was designed in 1852 by Richard Upjohn, architect of New York City&#39;s Trinity Church, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Church Green Historic District. The museum was previously located in the former Union Mission Chapel on Cedar Street.</p><br>
<h2>Collections</h2><br>
<p>The Old Colony History Museum is home to an extensive collection of regional objects and archives and a research library specializing in local history and genealogy. Its parent organization, the Old Colony Historical Society, was founded on May 4, 1853, making it one of New England&#39;s oldest historical societies.</p><br>
<p>The organization maintains a research library specializing in the genealogy of Southeastern Massachusetts and local history, a museum of objects associated with the history of the Taunton area, and educational programs that are open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Each autumn, the Museum holds a Liberty and Union Festival to commemorate the events of October 1774, and to celebrate the Taunton Flag. The 250th anniversary of the flag raising was observed in October 2024.</p><br>
<p>The Crocker-McMillin Mansion It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Mansion on the Darling estate</h3><br>
<p>The Darling estate, originally over 1,100 acres, was established by Alfred B. Darling in 1872. The Darlings built a house on the property, as well as a racetrack for horses. The Darling estate was purchased in November 1901 by George Crocker, who described the property as "the finest site for a residence in the country." In response to rumors of the possible purchase, the Ramsey Journal wrote that "the coming of such a man would mean much to our town."</p><br>
<p>Crocker brought horses to the estate, and early in 1902, he acquired the well-known racehorse King Muscovite. By September 1902, his horses were winning awards. Crocker had 4,000 trout delivered to the propertys pond in the spring of 1903 from Plymouth, Massachusetts, and bass were also added. By the spring of 1904, the Darlings old racetrack was being used for exercising Crocker&#39;s horses.</p><br>
<p>Crocker planned to build a new mansion 185 feet above the old Darling house, sparing no expense. Workers began arriving in the spring of 1902 to work on the roads under the direction of Theodor Shuart of Ramsey, New Jersey. Excavation of the foundation began in April 1903, and construction was fully underway a year later.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was finally completed and furnished in 1907, with much time spent on the wood and stone carving. The building had a great hall on the first floor, and the house was heated by steam, with elevators and a switchboard.</p><br>
<p>Outside the mansion were outbuildings such as greenhouses, barns, stables, a dairy, gatehouse, garage, workshops, and bathhouses on the river, along with a new bridge built across the Ramapo River. There were nine single houses and four duplexes for employees, and a two-story house for the head gardener, Edmund Daches.</p><br>
<p>By 1909, the property had sixty head of Jersey cattle, with many work and carriage horses, a kennel, sheep, and chickens. There were also vines and vegetables, and in spring 1909, the farm began trucking the produce to sell in New York. Overall, it is estimated that the creation of the estate cost $2,000,000.</p><br>
<h3>Subsequent owners</h3><br>
<p>After Emma Crocker died in 1904 and George Crocker died in 1909, the mansion was sold to the banker Emerson McMillin, with the proceeds going to the George Crocker Special Research Fund at Columbia University for cancer research. McMillin then lived at the estate until his death in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The Immaculate Conception Seminary, which had been founded in 1861 as part of Seton Hall University in New Jersey, was located in the mansion from 1927 until 1984. During that period, it was known as the Crocker-McMillin Mansion-Immaculate Conception Seminary. In 1984, the seminary once again became part of Seton Hall University.</p><br>
<p>After the property fell out of the hands of the Catholic Diocese of Newark, it underwent restoration work. Placed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places in 1995, the mansion was also placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Forbes reported in October 2005 that the mansion was on the market for $25 million, in what it described as a "relative bargain." Although the original estate had included over 1,000 acres of land, by the time of the sale listing, development had pared the size down to 12.5 acres. Although the developer-owners Darlington Associates tried to sell the 45,000-square-foot mansion and 12.5 acres for $25 million, the property was later re-listed at $11 million. In 2008, it was sold for $8.88 million to a business owner in nearby Ramsey.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the property was put up for sale through a listing with Christie&#39;s Real Estate for a sum of $47,422,900. The asking price was subsequently reduced to approximately $39,000,000 after sitting on the market for nearly 3 years. On December 17, 2021, the property was sold for $26 million. The sale was the highest price paid for a home in New Jersey in 2021. On March 15, 2023, the house was seized after the indictment of Guo Wengui for fraud.</p><br>
<h2>Features of the mansion</h2><br>
<p>The ceiling of the library was painted by muralist James Wall Finn, and the dining room was done in California redwood.</p><br>
<p>Faith Congregational Church  is a historic church at 2030 Main Street in Hartford, Connecticut. The brick Romanesque Revival-style church building, completed in 1872, now houses Faith Congregational Church, whose lineage includes the city&#39;s oldest African-American congregation, established in 1819. The church is a stop on the Connecticut Freedom Trail and was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and building history</h2><br>
<p>Faith Congregational Church is located in Hartford&#39;s Clay-Arsenal neighborhood, on the east side of Main Street midway between Pavilion and Battles Streets. It is a two-story masonry structure, built out of red brick with black brick trim in a roughly cruciform plan. It has a long main gable, with a projecting apse-like bay on one side and a gabled bay on the other. At the left corner between the main roof and bay a buttressed square tower rises to a steeple and spire. The main facade is dominated by the gable end and entrance, which is set under a gabled projection in a slightly recessed two-story round-arch panel. Above the doorway are three round-arch windows.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Boston architect Samuel J. F. Thayer and built in 1871–72. The Windsor Avenue Congregation (named for what North Main Street was originally called) grew out of a Sunday school that was organized in 1864 at Wooster and Pavilion Streets. The Windsor Avenue congregation was formally founded in 1869, and its first minister settled in 1871. That congregation also built the adjacent parish house in 1904 to a design by Isaac A. Allen Jr. In 1904 it merged with another congregation to form the Horace Bushnell Congregational Church, which meets in the former Fourth Congregational Church building at Albany and Vine Streets.</p><br>
<p>This building was then sold to what would soon be known as Faith Congregational Church. Its congregation was formed in 1953 by a merger between the Talcott Street Congregational Church and Mother Bethel Methodist Church. The Talcott Street congregation, founded in 1819, is the oldest African-American congregation in the city.</p><br>
<p>The Ulysses S. Grant Home in Galena, Illinois is the former home of Ulysses S. Grant, the Civil War general and later the 18th president of the United States. The home was designed by William Dennison and constructed in 1859 - 1860. The home was given to Grant by residents of Galena in 1865 as thanks for his war service, and has been maintained as a memorial to Grant since 1904.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally built as the residence of Alexander J. Jackson. It was then purchased by a group of prominent local Republicans (including Elihu B. Washburne), whereupon it was presented to Grant. Grant and his family lived there during his 1868 presidential campaign and again for a few periods during his presidency and retirement. He last visited the home in 1880.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed in the Italianate style by William Dennison. Typical of buildings done in that style, the home featured well defined rectangular shapes, a roof with a low pitch, balustraded balconies extending out over covered porches, and projecting eaves.</p><br>
<h2>Historic recognition</h2><br>
<p>Located on Bouthillier Street, the USA Grant Home State Historic Site is owned by the state of Illinois and managed by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a historic house museum with rooms furnished to represent a mid-1860s appearance. Many of the furnishings belonged to the Grant family. Information is given about Grant&#39;s activities during the Civil War up through his presidency. An adjacent building houses exhibits about Grant and the history of the home.</p><br>
<p>The Grant Home was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 19, 1960, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966, upon that program&#39;s inception. The Grant House also lies within the Galena Historic District, designated in 1969. The district has more than 1,000 contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau Miami Beach, also known as the Fontainebleau Hotel, is a hotel in Miami Beach, Florida. Designed by Morris Lapidus, the luxury hotel opened in 1954. In 2007, the Fontainebleau Hotel was ranked ninety-third in the American Institute of Architects list of "Americas Favorite Architecture". On April 18, 2012, the AIAs Florida Chapter ranked the Fontainebleau first on its list of "Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places".</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau Miami Beach is located on Collins Avenue and is owned by the Soffer family controlled Fontainebleau Resorts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The hotel was built by hotelier Ben Novack on the grounds of the former Harvey Firestone estate. Novack owned and operated the hotel until its bankruptcy in 1977. The Fontainebleau was designed by Morris Lapidus, who was known for wearing bow ties and incorporated them into the design.</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau is noted for its victory in the landmark 1959 Florida District Courts of Appeal decision, Fontainebleau Hotel Corp. v. Forty-Five Twenty-Five, Inc. 114 So. 2d 357, in which the Fontainebleau Hotel successfully appealed an injunction by the neighboring Eden Roc Hotel to prevent construction of an expansion that blocked sunlight to the Eden Rocs swimming pool. The Court rejected the Eden Rocs claim to an easement allowing sunlight, in favor of affirming the Fontainebleau&#39;s vertical property rights to build on its land. It stated that the "ancient lights" doctrine had been unanimously repudiated in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, a suite in the hotel was used by members of the Black Tuna Gang to run their operations. In the 2011 documentary Square Grouper, the use of the hotel by the Black Tuna Gang is recounted. The documentary follows the burgeoning marijuana-smuggling trade of the mid-to-late 1970s, when large amounts of the drug were being shipped to southeastern Florida; the film alleges that more than 90 percent of the United States&#39; illicit demand was being met through such channels.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, Stephen Muss bought the Fontainebleau Hotel for $27 million, thus rescuing it from bankruptcy.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>Muss invested an additional $100 million into the hotel for improvements. In 2001, Muss Organization announced a partnership with Turnberry Associates to what, over the years, amounted to a billion-dollar renovation of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the hotel was renovated and expanded by John Nichols, an architect with Coral-Gables, Florida-based Nichols Architects. The renovations and expansio included the addition of a 36-story condominium-hotel, known as Fontainebleau II, and a second 18-story tower, known as Fontainebleau III, all located on the same premises as the original hotel. During the renovation, Morris Lapidus&#39;s exuberant aesthetic and stylistic choices were preserved.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, after 30 years of being managed by Hilton Worldwide, the hotel became self-managed. The same year, the Muss Organization sold the Fontainebleau to Turnberry Associates for $165 million.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the hotel closed a large part of the property, though one building remained open to hotel guests, and the furnishings were placed for sale. The expanded hotel and its new condominium buildings reopened in November 2008.</p><br>
<p>On December 22, 2008, the Fontainebleau was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Fontainebleaus grand reopening on November 18, 2008, marked the end of a $1 billion transformation. Special care was taken to preserve many of the original design elements, including the "Staircase to Nowhere", also known as the "floating staircase". The hotels elaborate reopening celebrations included hosting the annual Victoria&#39;s Secret fashion show.</p><br>
<p>Restaurants and nightclubs in the complex include:</p><br>
<p>Blade Sushi</p><br>
<p>Bleau Bar</p><br>
<p>Chez Bon Bon (pastries and chocolates; formerly named Solo)</p><br>
<p>Fresh (Snacks and Gelato)</p><br>
<p>Glow Bar</p><br>
<p>Hakkasan (Cantonese)</p><br>
<p>La Côte (bi-level poolside bar and grille)</p><br>
<p>LIV Miami</p><br>
<p>Michael Mina Pizza & Burger (formerly Arkadia)</p><br>
<p>Scarpetta (Italian)</p><br>
<p>Stripsteak by Michael Mina (formerly named FB Steakhouse and originally named "Gotham Steak")</p><br>
<p>Vida (Pan American)</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau is a prominent feature in contemporary culture, appearing in numerous movies and television shows, musical lyrics, and nationally televised sporting and other events, including:</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>In 2019, the Fontainebleau appears in the third season of the Amazon series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel in a scene in which Midge Maisel (played by Rachel Brosnahan) and Susie Myerson (played by Alex Borstein) stay at the resort while on tour with Shy Baldwin. In one scene, Midge is shown descending the grand staircase in the ornate lobby.</p><br>
<p>Also in 2019, the Fontainebleau, billed as the Riviera Grand Hotel, was the setting for the pilot of the Grand Hotel TV series pilot. After the pilot was filmed and ABC picked up a full order of episodes, the cast and crew headed to Los Angeles, where a mini-replica of the Fontainebleau was constructed. The exterior shots shown throughout the season are actually the real Fontainebleau.</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau appears in the Season 4 episode of The Sopranos titled "Calling All Cars", which first aired on November 24, 2002.</p><br>
<h3>1990s</h3><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau is featured in the 1992 film The Bodyguard starring Whitney Houston. Also in 1992, the hotel appears in final scene of The Specialist, an action film starring Sylvester Stallone and Sharon Stone.</p><br>
<h3>1980s</h3><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau is one of the primary settings for the 1988 comedy sequel Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach with the films characters staying there during the movie and many of the films scenes filmed there.</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau acts as the unmentioned location for a widely popular scene in 1983&#39;s Scarface where Manny, played by Steven Bauer, gets slapped in the face after trying to win over a girl by sticking out his tongue to her.</p><br>
<h3>1970s</h3><br>
<p>On January 29, 1977, boxer Roberto Durán retained his WBA world Lightweight title with a 13th-round knockout over Vilomar Fernandez in a bout that was televised live by CBS from the hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau is the title subject of a song written by Neil Young and performed by the Stills-Young Band on their 1976 album Long May You Run, which was recorded at the hotel.</p><br>
<h3>1960s</h3><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau is featured in the 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger, in the sweeping aerial shot that follows the opening credits and accompanies composer John Barry&#39;s big-band track "Into Miami". It is the hotel where Jill Masterson (played by Shirley Eaton) is murdered by the villainous Oddjob (played by Harold Sakata).</p><br>
<p>The hotel is repeatedly mentioned by Allan Sherman in his 1962 comedy song, "The Streets of Miami".</p><br>
<p>The Fontainebleau is depicted in the 1960–1962 television series Surfside 6 about two detectives living and working aboard a houseboat moored directly across the street from the hotel. Supporting character Cha Cha O&#39;Brien was an entertainer who worked at The Boom Boom Room in the hotel. Only establishing shots of the hotel were used; the series was filmed entirely at Warner Bros. studios in Burbank, California.</p><br>
<p>In March 1960, Frank Sinatra videotaped an ABC television special at the hotel, The Frank Sinatra Timex Show: Welcome Home Elvis, as part of his regular Timex-sponsored series to welcome back Elvis Presley following his two-year military service in West Germany. Broadcast on May 12, 1960, Nielsen reported a 41.5% rating and 67.7% share, with an audience at 50 million, making it the top-rated show of the year and Sinatra&#39;s top-rated television appearance of his 21-year career (1960–1981).</p><br>
<p>The hotel was the setting for Jerry Lewis&#39;s 1960 comedy film, The Bellboy.</p><br>
<h3>1950s</h3><br>
<p>The swimming pool is shown in the 1959 film A Hole in the Head. Tony Manetta (played by Frank Sinatra) attends a party there for businessman and friend Jerry Marks (played by Keenan Wynn). Miami Mayor Robert King High had a cameo during the gala scene.</p><br>
<h2>Pronunciation</h2><br>
<p>The local pronunciation of the hotel&#39;s name is the Anglicized "fountain blue" rather than the normal French pronunciation of the word.</p><br>
<p>Monmouth Battlefield State Park is a 1,818 acre New Jersey state park located on the border of Manalapan and Freehold Township, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. This park preserves the historical battlefield on which the American Revolutionary War&#39;s Battle of Monmouth  was waged. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its significance in military history.</p><br>
<h2>Appearance and information</h2><br>
<p>Monmouth Battlefield State Park preserves a rural eighteenth-century landscape of orchards, fields, woods and wetlands, encompassing miles of trails for hiking and horseback riding, space for picnic areas, and a restored Revolutionary War farmhouse called the Craig House.</p><br>
<p>The parks visitor center rests atop Combs Hill, a hill commanded by the Continental Army artillery. Within the parks visitor center an array of excavated artifacts from battle are on display. On December 5, 2011, the Monmouth Battlefield Visitor Center was closed for renovations through Spring 2013. The renovated Visitors Center was officially reopened on June 13, 2013.</p><br>
<p>Every second weekend of June (usually Father’s Day weekend), an annual reenactment of the 1778 American Revolutionary War battle is performed and has been so for decades.</p><br>
<p>The battlefield is traversed by the rights-of-way (ROW) used by the Farmingdale and Squan Village Railroad/Freehold and Jamesburg Agricultural Railroad and is under consideration for use as part of the Monmouth Ocean Middlesex Line.</p><br>
<h2>History of the battlefield</h2><br>
<p>On June 28, 1778, as Sir Henry Clinton and his troops departed from the Monmouth Court House, George Washington and his Continental Army troops plotted an ambush on the rear column of Clinton&#39;s British Army soldiers. It became one of the largest battles of the American Revolution. It took place in the fields and forests that now make up Monmouth Battlefield State Park, though the battle soon ended in a standoff.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Monmouth is notable for creating the American legend of Molly Pitcher, a housewife who boldly took her husband&#39;s place at the cannon only moments after his death. In honor of Pitcher, a white cenotaph was erected near the property of the battlefield.</p><br>
<h2>Historic farmhouses and structures of the battlefield</h2><br>
<p>The site of the battlefield originally contained many colonial-era farmhouses though many did not survive the rapid development of the area in the 20th century. Three of the original seven farmhouses that were present during the battle are still standing in the park. These include the Sutfin Farmhouse (1731); the Rhea-Applegate House (1745); and the Craig House (1746).</p><br>
<p>Three other homes were built on the battlefield. The Conover-Perrine House (1832) is to the north of the park, erected on the site of the original 18th-century Perrine House, an important example of late Federal Architecture. The Italianate Cobb House was later constructed in 1872 near the Conover-Perrine House. The Combs Farmhouse (mid-18th Century) was demolished sometime in the 1960s and was located near the parks playground and ice pond.</p><br>
